Police Departments Police And Problem Oriented Policing

To start off, there are trends and techniques that police departments implement in order to minimize crime as much as possible. The two most common techniques used by police officers are community-oriented police and problem-oriented policing. This paper will describe the both methods and highlight the pros and cons of each. In continuation, community oriented policing is defined as, Community policing is a philosophy that promotes organizational strategies, which support the systematic use of partnerships and problem solving techniques, to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues, such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime.† (Scheider, pg.1 2008). One might say that the main aspect of community policing is the partnerships that police departments have to create in order to ensure the efficiency of this strategy; officers of our community cannot do it alone. Yes, there are positives aspects of this strategy as well as negative o nes. As just stated, officers cannot increase awareness of crime, safety issues and disorder alone, so the constructive side of community policing is bringing everyone together such as residents and local businesses to decrease possible misconduct. On the other hand, being too close can also be a downfall to community policing. That is said because, partnerships created can possibly take advantage of the police force and vice versa with officers abusing power. Also, according to Gianakis (1998),Show MoreRelatedEthics And Situational Problem Oriented Policing ( Miami Police Department )1071 Words   |  5 Pagesinteresting things. First I learned what CPTED is and what theory it is based on. Next, I found a previous Goldstein award finalist: Operation Safe Clubs: Enforcement and Situational Problem-Oriented Policing (Miami Police Department). After finding a Goldstein award finalist, I evaluated the questions given to me about the problems they were attempting to address, how they determined their best course of action, the response, and how they measured their success or failure. CPTED stands for Crime PreventionRead MoreProblem-Oriented Policing962 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract Problem-oriented policing has been the cause of changes in police departments all across the nation. Is this style of policing really effective and a continued help to departments? This paper will examine problem-oriented policing and shed some light into the present activities of police departments and how they have changed because of problem-oriented policing. Problem-Oriented Policing and its Past, Present, and Future Implications Problem oriented Policing, according to the AustralianRead MorePolicing Paper985 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: POLICING Policing Paper Amber Pickett AJS/502 January 23, 2012 Steven Duplissis Abstract This essay exams the concept of problem-oriented policing and its past, present, and future implications according to Herman Goldstein. This essay will also discuss administrative and operational considerations of problem-oriented policing in relation to functions of patrol, crime investigation, emergency or critical incident response, and future trends. Policing Paper Throughout historyRead MoreProblem-Oriented Policing Essay882 Words   |  4 Pagesimprove policing. Among them have been team policing, neighborhood policing, community policing, zero-tolerance policing and problem-oriented policing. Herman Goldstein was the first to propose problem-oriented policing in 1979. Problem-oriented policing is a policing strategy that involves the identification and analysis of specific crime and disorder problems, in order to develop effective response strategies in conjunction with ongoing assessment. The emphasis in problem-oriented policing is onRead MoreTrends in Policing1627 Words   |  7 PagesTrends in Policing By: Brittany Plemmons CJ299: Associates Capstone in Criminal Justice Prof: Christian Chenoweth Community- Oriented Policing (COP) is a philosophy that promotes organizational strategies, which support the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques, to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime. (http://legal-dictionaryRead MorePolice Enforcement And Community Policing1444 Words   |  6 PagesU.S. Department of Justice, community policing begins with a commitment to building trust and respect between police and communities. Many police department and citizens within the communities collaborate and they more effectively address underlying issues, change negative behavioral patterns, and allocate resources. Bureau of Justice Statistics defines community policing as, â€Å"A philosophy that promotes organizational strategies, which support the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solvingRead MorePolice Enforcement Is An Evolving Agency Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pagesthe US police departments are more likely to use one of three or a combination of 3 police strategies: community policing, problem oriented policing and zero tolerance policing. With that being said all of these serve a purpose and have negative and positives contributing effect onto communities. Through my experience and knowledge I have learned from policing I would utilize a combination of problem oriented policing and community policing if I were chief of police of a police department. AlthoughRead MorePolice Academy Training Program Must Go Beyond Arrest Procedures1370 Words   |  6 PagesPolice academy training programs must go beyond arrest procedures and usual tactics it must include COP skills (Anyatt, 1993 ). Academy training is infamously imperfect in instruction that emphasizes the discretionary application of a range of skills that relate to real world circumstances (Kelling, Wasserman, Williams, 1988). Much police academy training is undermined in the field. For this reason, a change to community policing philosophy and its subsequent organizational changes must be trainedRead MoreTheories Of Crime Analysis Spring1300 Words   |  6 PagesTypes of Policing Policing is to regulate, control, or keep in order with a law enforcement agency or other official group. It is a job done every minute of every hour of everyday by men and women willing to risk their health and life. To make the job easier different styles or types of policing methods have been developed. Some of the most influential types of policing include community oriented policing, problem oriented policing and intelligence led policing. Community oriented policingRead MoreA Brief Note On Broken Windows Theory And Community Policing881 Words   |  4 Pagescommunity policing. Wilson and Kelling(1989) showed that crime and disorder are related, which shows if police are able to keep the community, environment in order it can prevent crime. Popularity of community policing was high in the late 20th century with 85% having some community policing involvement with police departments (Skogan 2004, which was even more popular with big cites. Community involvement is a key to community policing and at the end of the 20th century 70% of departments had meetings

The Bill of Rights Essay - 1356 Words

Bill of Rights We live in the 21st century, where most Americans mind their own business but take for granted our God given rights. Not only God given rights but also those established by our founding forefathers. This paper will illustrate and depict the importance of the original problems faced when adopting the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. It will discuss the importance of the first amendment, the due process of the 4th, 5th, 6th, and the 8th amendments. Last but not least the importance of what is known as the â€Å"second Bill of Rights† (14th amendment). What problems with the original document motivated the adoption of the Bill of Rights? Many felt the Constitution was strongly focused on the power and authority the central†¦show more content†¦Thus Congress included the Bill of Rights and Federalist and Anti-Federalist came to a compromise and the Constitution came to be. Give one example of each of the five rights in the First Amendment. Freedom of religion: A great example of freedom of religion is that fact that central government or the state that someone might live in, cannot impose a said religion or prosecute for worshiping the religion of choice of an individual. Freedom of speech: The freedom to speak freely and without censorship and limitation. A great example of this would be a talk radio, where people call in to voice opinion on real time political controversy. Right to assembly: The right to form groups, to organize and to assemble together to address issues of a common goal. The ability to organize is an important means by which citizens can influence their governments and leaders (â€Å"Free dom of assembly and associationâ€Å", N.D.). Right to petition: The right to present request to the government without punishment or reprisal. A great example is picketing and peaceful protest. Keep in mind a violent protest is against the law and you will be arrested and prosecuted for such actions. Right to press: Our liberty cannot be guarded but by the freedom of the press, nor that be limited without danger of losing it. Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 1786. (Coates, 1995-99). Go to the â€Å"First Amendment Center† web site and pick a related court case for one or twoShow MoreRelatedThe Bill Of Rights : The Importance Of The Bill Of Rights1381 Words   |  6 PagesDo you know what keeps, and has kept America in order since 1789? That would be The Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights is simply the first ten amendments. Written by James Madison, The Bill of Rights lists specific prohibitions on governmental power. The Bill of Rights was officially added into the constituti on in 1791. The amendments are on display in the National Archives Museum. The First Amendment states that â€Å"everybody has freedom of speech, press, and religion.† The First Amendment allowsRead MoreBill of Rights1025 Words   |  5 PagesBill of Rights Amendments Paper Intro The United States is a country that was founded on the principle of freedom; it took the Bill of Rights to be added to the Constitution to guarantee citizens freedom. The Bill of Rights consists of the first ten amendments in the constitution; a document that outlines how the new American government would be created and operated. The Constitution was ratified in 1788 which was the start of protecting the interests of each citizen, two years later theRead MoreBill of Rights1449 Words   |  6 PagesBill Of Rights Assignment Week 3 Constitution HIS/301 Instructor James Newman Alan L. Olsen February 11th 2012 University of Phoenix Introduction According to Article V of the United States Constitution, when two thirds vote of Congress or State Legislature’s an amendment can be passed. Amendments are ratified by providing 3/4 of the votes in the Federal or State Legislature’s. When the ConstitutionRead MoreThe And The Bill Of Rights Essay1385 Words   |  6 PagesThe two sources of rights and fundamental principles found in the United States’ legal system as outlined by the text. Liberties and Rights what are the different between the two. Both of these words are in the Declaration of Independences and the Bill of Rights. These two words always been blurred, when it comes to their distinction. However, in today laws the words used interchangeable. However, they do example two different kinds of guaranteed protections. Supreme Court Judge Felix FrankfurterRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights1102 Words   |  5 PagesThe creations of the Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the United States Constit ution were established to protect an individual, rights to property, and the limit the empowerment of the government. In this legal document, a person is guaranteed rights to freedoms that are often taken for granted such as, freedom of speech, religion, and bear arms; the right to refuse to self-incriminate. These rights are often seen as simple and inalienable more than less they are complex rules and exceptionsRead MoreThe Rights Of The Bill Of Rights2115 Words   |  9 Pages1.Introduction Created September 25,1978 and ratified December 15, 179, the Bill of Rights was imputed into society as a tool to establish law,order, and morality. James Madison, a political theorist, was known as the father of the Bill of Rights. One of the most important amendments in the Bill of Rights is the right to freedom of speech, expression and media. In the Bill of Rights, the First Amendment states, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting theRead MoreHuman Rights And Bill Of Rights1665 Words   |  7 Pagesconcept of Human Rights and Bill of Rights Human rights are held by all people equally and universally from the time they are born until the day they die. You cannot lose these rights any more than you can cease being human. In claiming these rights, everyone also accepts the responsibility not to infringe on the rights of others and to support those whose rights are abused or denied. These rights are enshrined in the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Bill of Rights are one way ofRead MoreCivil Rights And The Bill Of Rights Essay1280 Words   |  6 Pagesof rights and liberties worldwide is a luxury that all countries do not have and are not given to them. In America the people have the Constitution and the Bill of Rights that enumerate their inalienable rights. In the State of Texas there is also a constitution and a Bill of Rights for the people. One of the most important rights in the Texas Bill of Rights in the constitution is Article 1 Section 3 and 3a titled Equality and Equality Under the Law. There are differences between civil rights andRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights : The Rights Of The Individual2233 Words   |  9 PagesThe Bill of Rights are the first ten amendments from the United States Constitution. The Bill of Rights was written by James Madison on December 15, 1791. The purpose of the Bill of Rights is to address the rights of the individuals that the Constitution did not specified correctly and it also was written to protect the rights of the individuals liberties even if the majority wanted to take them away. In the Fourth Amendment of the U.S Constitution provides privacy as it states in the ConstitutionRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights : The Amendment Rights2558 Words   |  11 PagesIn 1791, the Bill of Rights was created to specify the individual rights of every human being. Madison James is the creator of the 10 Amendments, he believed it was necessary to create the document to further explain what the Constitution will provide for each person. The Bill of Rights gives every citizen the right to freedom of religion, freedom of speech, as well as the freedom of the press, and lastly the due process rights. This document was formed when the Constitution in 1789 was drafted

Oil and Gas Management Big Oil

Question: Discuss how Big Oil is facing up to these challenges, and whether any strategic thinking and change is demonstrated in their public pronouncements and forward-thinking. Answer: Introduction Managing the risk is an essential part business procedure particularly in the energy industry. In Oil and Gas Industry, there exist various risks ranging from economic stagnation to environmental influence. This issues and risks threats the sole existence of national and international oil and gas industry. The major risk faced by oil and gas industry is slowing down of the demand due to global economic stagnation. The OPECs (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) unprecedented decision for maintaining production in order to recover lost market share has fired back by lowering the barrel range. The shale oil and gas production has led to the OPECs decision that has furthermore decreased the price of crude oil by 50% (Yusuf et al. 2014). The inflated price of the Oil and gas has led to the Cash Crunch that has affected the) business in a negative way. Apart from that, the production maximizing policy to oversupply 700,000 bpd for the year 2016 has further reduced the price of oil (Hongxun, Yujie and Peng 2015). In addition to that, the Climate Change Conference in Paris has jeopardized the sustainability and existence of Oil and Gas Industry the future. Thus, for ensuring the survival of the oil and gas industries, the focus has been given to Cash Crunch, Product Maximizing Policy, and low carbon global world. Cash Crunch A continuous and tremendous investment is required to maintain growth in the Oil and Gas Industry. Oil price reached its highest record with almost $150 per barrel in the year 2008 (Davies et al. 2014). Oil and Gas Industry witnessed a drastic change when the oil price dropped to $40 per barrel in 2009 (Bjerga and Aven 2015). The inflated price of oil leads to capital inefficiency, complacency, value destruction and uneconomic investments. Therefore, it can be said that with the reduction in capital expenditure and flat dividend, oil and gas industry would face a large shortfall in cash flow. Therefore, most of the national and international oil and gas companies need to defend their dividend to overcome the cash crunch. But a prolonged period of inflated oil price would threaten the dividend sustainability (Rahm et al. 2013). The cash crunch could result in borrowing of additional assets, and even some companies will be forced to cut or freeze the dividend that will ultimately resul t in sinking of their shares in the market. To avoid and mitigate the cash crunch problems in Oil and Gas Industry, the most significant need is the strategic planning of the business. The industry needs to focus on the long-term capabilities while ensuring the short-term need to sustain the economy. If the changes and actions were taken to mitigate the problem are not surgical that will automatically lead to harming the organization. Systematic or surgical cost reduction will assist in monitoring and control the cash flow during the cash crunch (Curran, Wolff and Stahl 2013). Since the cost inflation questions the very existence of the organization, the company needs to focus on reducing the inefficiencies and operational cost in the non-core area of the business. Furthermore, the oil and gas industry need to have projected sales. Project Sales allows the company to develop and enhance the strategic planning. Strategic planning allows controlling inventory and managing the supply chain. Identification of the potential customer and risks related to them is critical during the downtime of the company. The contribution of the customers has a potential impact on increasing not only the organizational profit but also the annual revenue collection. Identification of potential sources of capital support is most required in the industry. But initially, the company needs to focus on getting paid for their services from their regular and potential customers (Pedroni et al. 2013). If the internal resources appeared to be insufficient for funding the strategic planning, the company must bring external support to survive the crisis. The procedure to avoid or survive the cash crunch requires commitment and discipline among the Oil and Gas Industry. Analyzing and understanding the companys need, will help in avoiding the situation. The cash crunch in Oil and Gas industry if prolonged for a long time will affect the flow of cash and influence the business on a long term. If there is inefficiency in collecting the payments and turning down cash crunch, the industry will face an economic slowdown (Hladik, Focazio and Engle 2014). If this situation prevails, the majority of the Oil and Gas industry will run out of revenue within the next five years. Production Maximizing Policy Due to the falling of the crude oil price by 50% and having $40 per barrel during December 2015, the OPEC has decided to maximize the production of oil by 700,000 bpd for the year 2016 (Ong et al. 2014). Moreover, the primary strategy and intention of OPEC are the production of more crude oil for offsetting the lower crude oil. According to several companies, this decision of OPEC depicts the transparent idea of gaining the lost market due to infatuation (Hongxun, Yujie and Peng 2015). The increase in the production of shale oil is one of the major concerns for the Gas and Oil Industry due to the reduced rate of oil. Although, OPEC firmly believes that the continuous falling of oil price will force both the small and big Oil Companies to re-evaluate again their business and investment plans. Furthermore, according to OPEC, the increased number of production will force the oil companies to extract more oil from various new shale deposits that are more costly to extract than crude oil (Palmer 2013). It must be taken into account that, several companies, with the advancement of technology, can reduce the production of shale oil whereas, various companies can extract oil at a much lower rate than $40 (Cop21.gouv.fr. 2016).This acts as a power play for many companies both large and small for enhancing the Oil recovery in the recent few years. With the rate of Oils reduced to 40% of its original price, many international levels companies have started adopting "Enhanced Oil Recovery" Solution in order to increase the yield of oil production (Opec.org. 2016). Since many companies in the Oil and Gas Industry have eliminated the option of lying out more investment in another field to explore new deposits, this shale oil production has proved to be beneficial. In order to recover the market value of Oil and Gas, different large-scale oil Production Company has already invested a large sum of money on shale projects to maximizing their investment (Alam and Al-Ghawas 2015). Thus, abandoning the product maximizing policy will tremendously affect the whole oil and gas industry by backfiring and further reducing the economy. Many inventors and production company has stated that a freeze in the oil production for a certain time will boost the oil prices and stop the product maximizing policy. The US Energy Information Administrative has updated its forecast by stating that by the year 2017, the oil production might fall by 480,000 bpd (barrels per day) (Yusuf et al. 2013). These forecasts have assisted much big and small oil producing companies to rethink the initiative to abandon the maximum oil production policy. Furthermore, the forecast for reducing the production of Oil in the future will ultimately result in increased oil rate. Although it is impossible to stop the shale growth completely, OPECs decision to maximize the oil prod might be short-lived, but action will require much effort to abandon it. Thus considering the profit in the long run it will be profitable not to follow the OPECs product maximizing policy (Magness 2013). Low Carbon Global World The oil and gas industry need to look past the current economic crisis and focus on the long-term effect of the low carbon emission. Regarding the UN Climate Change Conference held in Paris, all the Oil and Gas Industries have been presenting their plans to restrain Carbon Emission past 2020 (Futureisclean.org. 2016). In spite of improving the future demand, the Oil and Gas Industry has vital responsibility for mitigating the environment risks. Therefore, the primary aim of the conference was to bind 55 countries through an agreement that will follow several laws through acceptance and approval to reduce the carbon emission (Dalderup 2014). Furthermore, the UN Climate Change Conference aimed at reducing the temperature by 2oC throughout the world and reduces global warming (Ramady and Mahdi 2015). Yusuf et al. (2013) argued that the oil and gas will continue to play a vital role as a source of energy, but the industry needs to consider the increasing pressure for decarbonizing. The gas industry will be facing a critical challenge in meeting the energy demand in the future while preventing the climate risk and administering the environmental impact. The government also plays an important role in understanding the production operations regarding the effect on the environment. The complementary activity of both the parties is required to maintain an environmentally sound and cost-effective approach. The Oil and Gas Industry must integrate the environmental issues systematically into business strategy. In spite of the rapid investment in renewable and alternative resources, energy forecast predicted the consumption of fossil fuel and gas will remain approximately 50% throughout the world (Ghanaati 2012). There still remains a huge potential for reducing the carbon dioxide emission while increasing the share of natural gas in production. The natural gas has a much lower impact on the carbon dioxide emission than the fossil oil. The Oil and Gas industry need to embed sustainability into their strategic plan and decision making procedure. The Oil and Gas industry have an opportunity for diversifying into renewable energy (Lake et al. 2014). There have been various researches and investigation have taking place for harnessing the wind power over the sea and convert in into renewable energy. Another major way to ensuring the fair share of energy is taken by the majority of the industry is to introduce "global carbon price" (Ramady and Mahdi 2015). This could have the potential to encour age innovative techniques to lower the carbon efficiency. Various oil and gas companies namely Statoil, BG group, Royal Dutch Shell has already taken initiative for Global Carbon pricing policy (Pereira et al.2013). Statoil is primarily based on Norway that has already placed the tax on carbon emission effectively for the past twenty-six years. Statoil has been effecting on influencing the economic factor for reducing the carbon emission. Technology does play a vital role in managing the carbon emission of the Oil and Gas Industry. Many companies and organization have been investing in the carbon capture and storage (CSS) (Heede 2014). With this process, the carbon dioxide emission can be theoretically prevented to 75-90% produced from the power plants (Geels 2014). The UN Climate Change Conference has played the significant role in collaborating the oil and gas companies throughout the world. Due to the low carbon global world, a significant change has been brought to Oil and Gas Industrys future development. Conclusion There is no denying the fact that in the recent days, the Oil and Gas Industries have been facing a global crisis for mere existence. Overcoming the various barriers to organizational growth require a strong business strategy with the clear view of the objective of the industry. Apart from having a robust business plan, the Oil and Gas Industry also need to leverage the advanced technological innovation to overcome the barriers to development. The recent fall in the oil prices, in the past few years, have led the industry to undergo a critical stage facing financial crisis. The effect of lower oil price with high production rate can be overcome with in-depth business strategy and adapting alternative processes. Furthermore, the cash crunch situation currently faced by most of the companies can also be overcome with perceived business strategy. Various big and small oil industries have already involved in the internal and external investment to overcome the cash crunch. In terms of en vironmental policy and reducing carbon emission, the oil and gas industry will be facing a major slow down of business in the future. But, there is no disputing the significant role of advanced technology that has eloped in Oil and Gas Industry. Thus, in order to survive the fundamental crisis, the oil and gas industry throughout the world need a robust business strategy along with technical innovation. References Alam, M. and Al-Ghawas, M., 2015, October. Challenges in Contractor Financed, Built, Owned Operated Oil Gas Processing Facilities in Kuwait. InSPE Kuwait Oil and Gas Show and Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Bjerga, T. and Aven, T., 2015. Adaptive risk management using new risk perspectivesan example from the oil and gas industry.Reliability Engineering System Safety,134, pp.75-82. Cop21.gouv.fr. (2016).COP21 | United nations conference on climate change. [online] Available at: https://www.cop21.gouv.fr/en/ [Accessed 23 Mar. 2016]. Curran, M.F., Wolff, B.J. and Stahl, P.D., 2013. DEMONSTRATION STUDY: APPROACHING OIL AND GAS PAD RECLAMATION WITH DATA MANAGEMENT: A FRAMEWORK FOR THE FUTURE1.Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation,2(2). Dalderup, R.E., 2014.Beating the Crunch: Real estate management of Dutch multinationals(Doctoral dissertation, TU Delft, Delft University of Technology). Davies, R.J., Almond, S., Ward, R.S., Jackson, R.B., Adams, C., Worrall, F., Herringshaw, L.G., Gluyas, J.G. and Whitehead, M.A., 2014. Oil and gas wells and their integrity: Implications for shale and unconventional resource exploitation.Marine and Petroleum Geology,56, pp.239-254. Futureisclean.org. (2016).FutureIsClean. [online] Available at: https://www.futureisclean.org/?gclid=Cj0KEQjw2sO3BRD49-zdzfb8iLwBEiQAFZgZfPR7Hz1GEr6alkQLXlTIG2vqUFVjsiwm0idqus3PQY8aAs6B8P8HAQ [Accessed 23 Mar. 2016]. Geels, F.W., 2014. Regime resistance against low-carbon transitions: Introducing politics and power into the multi-level perspective.Theory, Culture Society, p.0263276414531627. Ghanaati, S., 2012.A Comparison of Different Regulatory Appraoches, Analysis of the Relative Benefits of Command and Control, Reflexive Law and Social Licencing in Ensuring Oil Industry Compliance with Environmentally Sustainable Practices and Obligations(Doctoral dissertation). Heede, R., 2014. Tracing anthropogenic carbon dioxide and methane emissions to fossil fuel and cement producers, 18542010.Climatic Change,122(1-2), pp.229-241. Hladik, M.L., Focazio, M.J. and Engle, M., 2014. Discharges of produced waters from oil and gas extraction via wastewater treatment plants are sources of disinfection by-products to receiving streams.Science of the Total Environment,466, pp.1085-1093. Hongxun, L., Yujie, P. and Peng, D., 2015. A Study on the Game of Co-construction and Sharing of Oil and Gas Pipelines: From the Perspective of Oil and Gas Pricing Reform.Sino-Global Energy,10, p.006. Lake, L.W., Johns, R.T., Rossen, W.R. and Pope, G.A., 2014.Fundamentals of enhanced oil recovery. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Magness, V., 2013. Environmental Management Commitments: Impacts on Environmental Performance, Profitability, and Financial Risk (Preliminary Phase of Study).Profitability, and Financial Risk (Preliminary Phase of Study)(January 15, 2013). Ong, T.S., Soh, W.N., Teh, B.H. and Ng, S.H., 2014. Corporate governance and its effect on the efficiency of generating financial performance: evidence from the oil and gas industry of Malaysia.Asia-Pacific Management Accounting Journal,9(2), pp.19-36. Opec.org. (2016).OPEC : Home. [online] Available at: https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/ [Accessed 23 Mar. 2016]. Palmer, K., 2013. Environmental Management of Oil and Gas Activities in the Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf of New Zealand.Journal of Energy Natural Resources Law,31(2), pp.123-146. Pedroni, P.M., Jaramillo, H., Torres, C.M.D.L., Navarrete, Z.H., Bernalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ramirez, J. and Reed, T., 2013. A partnership approach to addressing applied ecological research needs of an oil and gas business.Journal of Applied Ecology,50(3), pp.539-543. Pereira, J.F., Gudia, E.J., Costa, R., Vitorino, R., Teixeira, J.A., Coutinho, J.A. and Rodrigues, L.R., 2013. Optimization and characterization of biosurfactant production by Bacillus subtilis isolates towards microbial enhanced oil recovery applications.Fuel,111, pp.259-268. Rahm, B.G., Bates, J.T., Bertoia, L.R., Galford, A.E., Yoxtheimer, D.A. and Riha, S.J., 2013. Wastewater management and Marcellus Shale gas development: trends, drivers, and planning implications.Journal of environmental management,120, pp.105-113. Ramady, M. and Mahdi, W., 2015. A False Dawn: Myths and Realities of OPECs Power. InOPEC in a Shale Oil World(pp. 57-78). Springer International Publishing. Ramady, M. and Mahdi, W., 2015.OPEC in a Shale Oil World: Where to Next?. Springer. Yusuf, Y.Y., Gunasekaran, A., Musa, A., Dauda, M., El-Berishy, N.M. and Cang, S., 2014. A relational study of supply chain agility, competitiveness and business performance in the oil and gas industry.International Journal of Production Economics,147, pp.531-543. Yusuf, Y.Y., Gunasekaran, A., Musa, A., El-Berishy, N.M., Abubakar, T. and Ambursa, H.M., 2013. The UK oil and gas supply chains: An empirical analysis of adoption of sustainable measures and performance outcomes.International Journal of Production Economics,146(2), pp.501-514.

Montserrat Essays - Plate Tectonics, Volcanology, Soufrire Hills

Montserrat Montserrat is a volcanic island in the Caribbean. On the southern end of the island is the Soufriere Hills volcano. The volcano, which first erupted about 100,000 years ago, has been dormant for centuries. The volcano took the islanders by surprise when it began to erupt again in 1995. Since then life on the island has changed greatly. Montserrat island is located in a 50 million year old subduction zone. This is an area where one of the earth's oceanic plates is forced beneath a more buoyant plate. Fluids rich in water and dissolved minerals are taken out of the crust that is being driven into the earth's mantle by the extreme temperatures and pressure. When the fluids rise they cause the overlying mantle to melt and form magma. The magma erupts along the subduction zone and eventually builds up on itself and forms volcanic islands. * http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/west.indies/soufriere/govt/images/forty.jpg The volcano began erupting again on July 18, 1995 after remaining silent for almost four hundred years. The volcano has erupted numerous times since then. The southern part of the island has been evacuated three times. There are about 3,200 people living on the island today. Of the 8,00 that fled most plan to return to the island once the volcano settles down. The problem is that no one knows when that will be. It could be a long time before the people return to the island. * http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/98/volcanoes/images/1ml-back1.jpg Volcanic activity cannot be predicted. Different things happen with different volcanoes and none are the same. Looking back at the volcanoes recent history, it may be safe to assume that the volcano will continue to erupt for a number of years. No one can actually be certain what exactly the volcano will do in the years to come. It may decide to settle down for another four centuries. The only thing that anyone can really do is watch what happens and try to keep the people on the island safe. Since the volcano began erupting in 1995, the lives of the people on the island have changed greatly. Soufriere Hills was once covered in thick forests and Montserrat was big on agricultural trade. Now many of the island's villages including all of the villages within eight kilometers of the volcano have been evacuated. Some of the other village people still live in fear of being rained on by pumice pebbles or their houses or land being hit and destroyed extremely hot rock the size of basketballs landing like bombs on their property. More than 2/3 of the people that lived on the island have fled because of the volcano. Soufriere Hills has had a devastating effect on the lives of the people of Montserrat. Who knows what is to come in the future for Montserrat. The volcano will most likely keep erupting for some time. Hopefully the people who live on the island will stay safe. If the volcano does die down, then maybe life will begin to return to normal on the island. Most of the 8,000 who fled will return and probably will try to rebuild the island. The future of Montserrat is unpredictable but we can hope that it will be good. Works Cited 1.Fall Out: Eye On The Volcano, National Geographic, 1998, http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/98/volcanoes/. Science

The Life Of Mao Zedong Essays - Chinese Communists, Free Essays

The Life Of Mao Zedong Essays - Chinese Communists, Free Essays The Life Of Mao Zedong The Life of Mao Zedong Dressed in the drab military uniform that symbolized the revolutionary government of Communist China, Mao Zedong's body still looked powerful, like an giant rock in a gushing river. An enormous red flag draped his coffin, like a red sail unfurled on a Chinese junk, illustrating the dualism of traditional China and the present Communist China that typified Mao. 1 A river of people flowed past while he lay in state during the second week of September 1976. Workers, peasants, soldiers and students, united in grief; brought together by Mao, the helmsman of modern China. 2 He had assembled a revolutionary government using traditional Chinese ideals of filial piety, harmony, and order. Mao's cult of personality, party purges, and political policies reflect Mao's esteem of these traditional Chinese ideals and history. Mao was born on December 26, 1893 in Shao Shan, a village in Hunan Province. 3 His family lived in a rural village where for hundreds of years the pattern of everyday life had remained largely unbroken. 4 Mao's father, the son of a poor peasant, during Mao's childhood however, prospered and become a wealthy land owner and rice dealer. 5 Yet, the structure of Mao's family continued to mirror the rigidity of traditional Chinese society. His father, a strict disciplinarian, demanded filial piety. 6 Forced to do farm labor and study the Chinese classics, Mao was expected to be obedient. On the other hand, Mao remembers his mother was generous and sympathetic. 7 Mao urged his mother to confront his father but Mao's mother who believed in many traditional ideas replied that was not the Chinese way. 8 Mao in his interviews with historian Edgar Snow reports how during his childhood he tried to escape this traditional Chinese upbringing by running away from home. The rebellion Mao claims to have manifested might have distanced Mao physically from his family but, traditional Chinese values were deeply ingrained, shaping his political and personal persona. His father's harshness with dealing with opposition, his cunning, his demand for reverence from subordinates, and his ambition were to be seen in how Mao demanded harmony, order, and reverence as a ruthless dictator. Yet, Mao, was also the kindly father figure for the people of China, as manifested in characteristic qualities of Mao's mother: kindness, benevolence, and patriarchal indulgence. The China that Mao was born into was fast becoming a shell of its former past. The Ch'ing dynasty which had ruled China for 250 years was only 14 years away from its collapse. 9 Peasant rebellions, famines, and riots heralded its failing. For Mao, one particular event when he was just ten years old, left a lasting impression. It both symbolized the deterioration of order in Chinese traditional society and was in sharp contrast to principles of harmony. A group of local villagers rioted for food during a famine in 1903. The leaders were captured, beheaded, and their heads displayed on poles as a warning for future rebels. 10 Amidst the change that quaked the Chinese nation and Mao's family's economic situation, 11 Mao sought solace in books about Chinese history and its emperors. 12 He became known in his family as, the scholar. As a child [I was] fascinated by accounts of the rulers of ancient China: Yao, Shun, Ch'in Shih Huang Ti, and Hu Wu Ti, and read many books about them. 13 Indeed, the emperors grandeur, elegance and power were a sharp contrast to the brutish leaders that Mao was exposed to during his childhood. 14 Yao and Shun are credited with forming the first Chinese society in the Yellow River Valley; Ch'in Shih Huang Ti unified the Chinese empire and built the Great Wall of China; Han Wu Ti solidified the foundation of the Han Empire. 15 In the turmoil that China was to undergo, particularly after Mao became the head of the Communist party, we will see how he was guided by traditional Chinese values and the history of the emperors provided him with a map for the future. 16 However, at first, he did not seem strongly focused on history or philosophy. During the next ten years, 1909-1918, Mao drifted. In 1909 at the age of 16, he left home to attend school in Hsiang. 17 In 1911, he enlisted in the Army for six months after which he moved to Changsha the capital of Hunan Province where he stayed until 1918. 18 While in Changsha, he tried numerous schools. 19 Finally, he enrolled at the Hunan Normal School, graduating in 1918. 20 Mao's mother's died in 1918,

Learning How to Write an Exploratory Essay by BestEssay.Education

Learning How to Write an Exploratory Essay by Learning How to Write an Exploratory Essay If you are working on an exploratory essay, you are working on a task that is quite unusual. In fact, it is so unusual that as you learn how to write an exploratory essay you will need to momentarily discard much of what you know about writing essays. The reason for this that the approach to writing an exploratory essay is completely different. When writing these essays, your goal is not to prove your thesis or to argue a specific point. Instead, your job is to walk your readers through the things that you have experienced when attempting to solve a problem. What is an Exploratory Essay? It may seem strange to read this, but an exploratory essay is essentially an introspective retrospective. Essentially what you will be doing is examining your approach to defining and solving a problem. The purpose of this essay is to give yourself some good insight on the methods that you use to solve problems, the methods that you use to identify problems, and even your writing style. In many cases, you might write an exploratory essay after completing a research project. What can a Student Get from Writing an Exploratory Essay? In an ideal world, research is objective. People however, are not objective. Each one of us views the world with through the filter of our experiences. This impacts everything we do, including research. An exploratory essay is a way for a student to explore their processes, methodologies, and motivations. When a student completes this process, the goal is that they become a better student and better researcher because they are more aware of themselves. What Questions Should an Exploratory Essay Answer? Here are the questions that you should consider when you write your exploratory essay. Why did I identify this problem as one that I wanted to explore? Why did I select the sources that I did when researching the problem? What made me think that the solution that I applied was the best one? What factors impacted the methods I used to apply the solution? As I read my research notes, what stands out to me about my writing style? Did the solution I applied work? If the solution didn’t work, can I identify any biases or tendencies on my part that contributed to that? Getting Help with your Exploratory Essay Even though this is not a common essay to write, you can still count on to help you with these assignments. We will find the best writer to write an essay of this type or any other type, just for you. Our writers will help you go through your research notes and other information so that your approach and methodology can be identified and explored. When your exploratory essay is finished, you will have an excellent essay to turn in for a grade, and you will also have a great document to refer to when you are questioning the choices that you make when researching a problem or applying solutions.

Consider theoretical interpretations of the 'uncanny' in relation to Movie Review

Consider theoretical interpretations of the 'uncanny' in relation to the British film THE WICKER MAN andor DON'T LOOK NOW - Movie Review Example For Freud, then, this is the origin of the terror that has come to be associated with things that are 'uncanny'. It should be clear from the above that, if we are to apply the notions of the uncanny to the horror film genre, then we must be quite precise about which theoretical formulation of the uncanny we are to apply. If we are to follow Jentsch's lead, and suppose that the uncanny arises purely from a cognitive lacuna, an absence knowledge, then we could say that the uncanny is utilized by almost every example of horror film. Horror relies on the unknown to create its atmosphere of terror; for example, it relies on the audience not knowing precisely when the ax-wielding murderer is about to leap out from behind the sofa. But surely this kind of scare is not precisely the same as a feeling we can call 'uncanny'. Halloween and Nightmare on Elm Street may be very effective in making us scream (as too, I suppose is Scream), but we do not exit the cinema with a residual feeling of uneasiness that one might call 'uncanny.' As such we must come to the same conclusion that Schneider does in his st udy of the uncanny in film horror: "since not every monster that successfully instills in us a sense of horror or uncanniness is 'categorically interstitial,...incomplete, or formless,' cognitive threat could not be a necessary condition of uncanny feelings." In other words, we should turn to Freud's work and accept that the concept of the uncanny includes an element of repression, that this particular type of fear arises only when something we have repressed begins to make its influence felt once more in the forefront of our consciousness. If we do so, then the examples available to us from film history become much less common, and we must narrow our field down to the few that display a more subtle talent for terror. Nicolas Roeg's Don't Look Now and Robert Hardy's The Wicker Man, are two such works and, something that is hardly coincidental, are both considered cinematic greats of the horror genre. Their critical acclaim stems, in part, from their ability to create unease, as well as outright terror. They work on the level not just of film aesthetics, but of psychical processes. Before I begin our discussion of the two films in question, it may be helpful to orientate them in relation to Freud's seminal 1919 work, "The Uncanny". As we have already discussed, the point where Freud parts company with Jentsch is on the origin of the feeling of the uncanny. After an exhaustive study of the definition of the word un-heimlich in German, Freud comes to the conclusion that its meaning has evolved in such a way that, as well as meaning something that is un-homely (i.e. something untamed, frightening), it is also something that "ought to has remained hidden but has come to light" (156). It is also (and here Freud analyzes

Government response to terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Government response to terrorism - Essay Example There have been numerous controversies surrounding legal definition of terrorism. Left-wing critics claim that use of a nation’s armed forces in crushing an opponent’s political progress amounts to terrorism. In this context, a ruling government which uses indiscriminate violence to destroy an opponent’s progress engages in terrorism. Apart from a ruling government, terrorism comprise of violent activities used by nationalists fighting an oppressive regime. In fact the late Nelson Mandela was once branded as a terrorist by the white government in South Africa. This means that these controversies undermine existence of a definite boundary between justifiable uses of violence for political progress. Fraser and Staniforth (2012) says that from a legal perspective, UK law defines terrorism as any act of violence that causes or threatens to cause indiscriminate loss of lives, property damage and create a serious risk to health and safety of the public. The UK governme nt takes any such form of violence which seeks to influence governmental institutions or the public as acts of terror. Terrorism is not new in Britain. In the last decade, British security forces arrested approximately 1800 people in connection to terror related cases. Most of these individuals arrested are British citizens involved or associated with accomplishing assistance roles in extremist activities. Demographics show that a substantial portion of those arrested are radical youth lured by perpetrators towards a path of violent extremism.

Assessments Package Essay Example for Free

Assessments Package Essay The paper is based upon the self assessment online training. Throughout I will explain what changes the exercise has done to the view I had prior and the view I have after. Although in I think that becoming a case manager is a hard job and requires specific personality traits. I will write about the position of a case manager and what roles and duties the job requires. I will discuss the viewpoints on ethical principles, professional responsibilities, how my viewpoints had changed after the online training, and the self-awareness I have gained that could prepare myself for a case management role. View Changes on Ethical Principles The ethical obligations of the privacy for consumers and his or her protection of their health information are to be upheld at all times. The ethical principles within health care organizations are based upon the accountability of professionalism. However, the protection differs from the type of organization for example, state programs require state laws to be accommodated and followed. The programs in which state covers is alcohol and drug abuse programs, Medicare, and other accreditation programs that are applicable to federal laws. Therefore, the ethical principles in my opinion are held high as the guidelines are to be followed by all organizations in order to function properly and to provide the proper care to the clients. Privacy is extremely important as no person would want his or her medical conditions and concerns placed into public hands. View Changes on Professional Responsibilities The workforce training required for upholding privacy and security of health information proved to me that it is seldom to be professional in this type of work field. The awareness or degree of the security and privacy for patient’s health information varies from how to use or share health information, parameters, job position influences, the leadership interpretation, and implementing costs. The professionalism of the HIPPA security and privacy requires the formal education and proper training to ensure that the person entering this type of workforce can have ongoing accountability for the security and privacy to protect health information. The standards for HIPPA’s security and privacy rules address specific training requirements so professionalism responsibility is an absolute after receiving proper training. The requirements for the high-level training are crucial because of the cost and ongoing requirements and responsibilities of the workers. The professional responsibilities of the job demands ongoing training in which the workers are constantly up-to-date with documentations and responsibilities required by each person. The viewpoints of professional responsibilities after completing the online assessment has changed based upon the amount of responsibility the workers must obtain. The responsibility to make sure no health information is leaked through the system (documents, computers, corrupt employees) is extremely important, therefore the information shared among people is to be protected. Although I believe that health care information is not an item in which thieves’ want to possess. Health care information is in my opinion pointless to steal, as people really should not care who has certain medical conditions wrong with them. The workers job to me seems like a security job with the use of a computer in regard to health records, I often picture a security guard standing in front of a medical filling room. Self-Awareness Becoming self-aware of the case management role prepares me to comprehend the responsibilities, duties, and importance of health care information. The case management role is an important role as the information obtained by the case worker is personal should be guarded or protected, and secured. I am aware of the responsibility the case managers has daily and what his or her job title requires. However, I do not have plans or goals to become a case manager or to have that type of role in a job. I like helping people, whereas, I do not like to sit still and stare at a computers or paper work as a career. In the end, I have obtained information in which case manager’s jobs require extreme security, privacy, and professionalism. The case management role is only for certain people who can handle that type of job. Becoming a case manager is not a random choice a person picks for a career. For me, it is nice to obtain information in regard to the role of a case manager and realized how important case manager’s jobs are and what his or her daily duties require.

Diversity and the American National Identity Essay -- Exploratory Ess

Diversity and the American National Identity Greed is good, get get get, I want what you have, don't touch mine." This is what a friend of mine said when I asked for his conception of the American national identity is.1 Although this statement seems informal and absurd, it accurately reflects the dog-eat-dog world many people believe to be the American capitalist culture.2 Whether my friend said this with the intent of comic relief is inconsequential. Whether he knew it, the informant reflects his cultural identity. Many ambiguities surround the establishment, formation, and retention of a national identity. To what extent can a national identity be individualized? Does every individual, regardless of origin, possess the ability to engage in the national identity? Can an individual abandon his or her "cultural self?"3 Can non-American citizens who reside in America create multi-national identities of their own? Is a national identity predestined, or does an individual exert control over it? There is not one definitive national identity in any society. America is marked by the diversity of both people and ideas. The aim of this paper is not to establish a universal conception of national identity from the basis of history and documented facts. Rather, I am attempting to form a holistic definition of the national identity from my fieldwork with the widest possible variety of college students. Hernando, a native of Sacramento, considers himself a Mexican-American, yet he declares himself to be of indigenously American descent. He states, "If you trace my lineage back, I am actually from the United States. My family came from Texas and California before it was taken over by the United States." Despite Hernando's Mexi... ...ational identity and "a" national identity. "The" is used in the context of the United States and "a" refers to the universal construct. 2. In this discourse, the term "America" refers to the United States. 3. Emily A. Schultz and Robert H. Lavenda. Cultural Anthropology: A Perspective on the Human Condition, 5th ed. (California: Mayfield, 2001) 120. 4. Ibid., 328. 5. Ibid., 160. 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid., 109. 9. Deborah Tannen. That's Not What I Meant! How Conversational Style Makes or Breaks Relationships. (New York: Ballantine, 1987), 74-75. Bibliography Schultz, Emily A., and Robert H. Lavenda. Cultural Anthropology: A Perspective on the Human Condition. 5th ed. California: Mayfield, 2001. Tannen, Deborah. That's Not What I Meant! How Conversational Style Makes or Breaks Relationships. New York: Ballantine, 1987. Diversity and the American National Identity Essay -- Exploratory Ess Diversity and the American National Identity Greed is good, get get get, I want what you have, don't touch mine." This is what a friend of mine said when I asked for his conception of the American national identity is.1 Although this statement seems informal and absurd, it accurately reflects the dog-eat-dog world many people believe to be the American capitalist culture.2 Whether my friend said this with the intent of comic relief is inconsequential. Whether he knew it, the informant reflects his cultural identity. Many ambiguities surround the establishment, formation, and retention of a national identity. To what extent can a national identity be individualized? Does every individual, regardless of origin, possess the ability to engage in the national identity? Can an individual abandon his or her "cultural self?"3 Can non-American citizens who reside in America create multi-national identities of their own? Is a national identity predestined, or does an individual exert control over it? There is not one definitive national identity in any society. America is marked by the diversity of both people and ideas. The aim of this paper is not to establish a universal conception of national identity from the basis of history and documented facts. Rather, I am attempting to form a holistic definition of the national identity from my fieldwork with the widest possible variety of college students. Hernando, a native of Sacramento, considers himself a Mexican-American, yet he declares himself to be of indigenously American descent. He states, "If you trace my lineage back, I am actually from the United States. My family came from Texas and California before it was taken over by the United States." Despite Hernando's Mexi... ...ational identity and "a" national identity. "The" is used in the context of the United States and "a" refers to the universal construct. 2. In this discourse, the term "America" refers to the United States. 3. Emily A. Schultz and Robert H. Lavenda. Cultural Anthropology: A Perspective on the Human Condition, 5th ed. (California: Mayfield, 2001) 120. 4. Ibid., 328. 5. Ibid., 160. 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid., 109. 9. Deborah Tannen. That's Not What I Meant! How Conversational Style Makes or Breaks Relationships. (New York: Ballantine, 1987), 74-75. Bibliography Schultz, Emily A., and Robert H. Lavenda. Cultural Anthropology: A Perspective on the Human Condition. 5th ed. California: Mayfield, 2001. Tannen, Deborah. That's Not What I Meant! How Conversational Style Makes or Breaks Relationships. New York: Ballantine, 1987.

Great Depression Essay

The Government Didn’t Do Enough |The Government Did Enough | | |Common Knowledge |Common Knowledge | |William Lyon Mackenzie king |William Lyon Mackenzie King | |-wouldn’t give Conservative governments financial assistance |- | |-thought unemployment was seasonal | | |-wanted to balance the budget |Richard B. Bennett | |-king beats Bennett in the 1935 election (New Deal) |-helped out those who sent him letters | |-did nothing after winning election |-Bennett’s new deal | | |Health insurance, Unemployment insurance, Maximum work week, | |Richard B.Bennett |financial assistance to farmers | |-Raised Tariffs | | |-Unemployment reflex camps |Co-operative Common Wealth Federation (CCF) | |-Bennett blanket and buggy |-J. S. Woodsworth – Saskatchewan | | |-public own | |Co-operative Common Wealth Federation (CCF) |-increase social programs | |-J. S.Woodsworth – Saskatchewan |-government spend their way out of the depression | | | | |Social Credit |Social Credit | |-â€Å"Bible â€Å"Bill Aberhardt – Alberta |-â€Å"Bible â€Å"Bill Aberhardt – Alberta | |-Federal government wouldn’t allow it |-everyone to get $25 per month to spend on necessities | | | |Union Nationale |Union Nationale | |- Maurire Duplessis – Quebec |Maurire Duplessis – Quebec | |-emphasis on french language and culture | | | | | |PDF |PDF | |Page 2: kids had to cut street car tickets in half which were|Page 23: relief camps gave you food shelter and transportation. | |12 for a quarter so then they would get 24 for a quarter |Basically everything you needed | |page 5: kids hunted squirrels and gophers for meat |Page 35: Bennett’s new deal. 8 hour work day, minimum wage, | |Page 6: kids would chew grain instead of gum (would chew |elimination of child labour, insurance plan, and controlled | |alfalfa until it became like gum) |prices. –CCF, government has ownership of bank, insurance, bank, | |Pag e 8: kids were told there was no Santa |communication and power companies. |Page 33: men would walk 11 miles to apply for a job only to |Page 19: William Abhardt purposed goal was to give $25 every month| |find out there are hundreds of people all ready there waiting|to increase prosperity | |Page 34: farmers could not afford gas so they would attach |Page 16: hundreds of men would get meals at the soup kitchen | |their car to their horse and called it the Bennett Buggy |Page 29: one didn’t have to pay income tax unless ones income was | |Page 8: unemployment relief camps only paid 20 cents a day. |over $2000 | |Page 20: hundreds of men were found sleeping in a Toronto |Page 12: relief payments sometimes were in vouchers. Could only | |park with only a newspaper covering them. Bennett Blanket |buy specific items | |Page 21: jail cells were in terrible condition. Each cell | | |might have a bed. 200 men waiting for one toilet. Stomach | |troubles because of the food | | |Pa ge 10: Large companies laid off workers from railway | | |strikes | | |Page 3: Bennett raises tariffs | | |Page 2: people committed crimes to go to jail and have food | | |to eat | | |Page 24: innocent bystanders killed because of relief camp | | |strikers | | |Page 36: hard for farmers to be relieved, no way of | | |transportation | | |Page 2: boys were given pointless tasks (dig then fill holes)| | | | | |Page 7: one would pay doctors in food because one had no | | |money | | |Page 10: men in relief camps were treated like dirt/slaves | | |Page 22: paper shack, 79 x 24 with no windows. 88 men | | |Page 33: people tried to sell vacuums, pictures, books, | | |brushes. Too desperate | | |Page 10: government wanted the unemployed men out of sight | | |Page 12: no jobs therefore unemployment so people had lots of| | |dept | |Page 15: cars had disappeared because owners had to buy | | |antifreeze, but anti freeze was costly | | |Page 7: kids did not see an orange until Christmas | | |Page 8: one could not leave the relief camp because there was| | |nothing for about 100 miles. Had to stay | | |Page 14: Canadian government deported/sent back over 10,000 | | |immigrants. Some immigrants risked their lives to come to | | |Canada. No jobs so the government sent them back thinking it | | |was the solution. | |

JetBlue Airways & Organizational Development: Partners for Change Essay

This is a case of an effective partnership of Jet Blue Airways and Organizational Development. In the airline business with an unpredictable environment, Jet blue forged a partnership with the Organizational Development (OD) team and JetBlue University (the airlines centralized learning group). From this berthed the Systems Operations Center (SOC) which is the heart of the airline – the epicenter where effective decision making, communication, teamwork, and leadership are critical to ensure crewmembers are able to meet and exceed customer needs (Dennnison, 2007). This case study covers the four general models of planned change which are entering and contracting; diagnosis; planning and implementing; and evaluating and institutionalizing change (Cummings & Worley, 2009). All interventions applied were carefully developed as they interpret the diagnosis of the operations of JetBlue. And as it progress you will see that the key element on making this a successful and effective OD is the  involvement of all the employees and their buy in from the top down management. As you will see that not only that they have implemented the interventions which greatly enhanced the company’s success, it has also institutionalized the changes they have adapted and on On June 8, 2011, JetBlue ranked ‘Highest in Customer Satisfaction Among Low Cost Carriers in North America’ by J.D. Power and Associates, a customer satisfaction recognition received for the seventh year in a row.they were awarded they are the number one (Article, 2011). Introduction JetBlue has an impressive and effective partnership with the Organizational Development Team. This is one of the success stories on how to effectively apply and OD Intervention within a company. They have established and institutionalized the process of OD within their business system. The four processes namely: Entering and contacting; diagnosis; planning and implementing; and evaluating and institutionalizing were properly managed and executed. The foundation was set correctly and the shifting of the change concept was embedded in the JetBlue culture. All JetBlue employees are involved and are aware on how OD interventions are applied and how it works. The foundation of the OD intervention is solid and any new interventions that are applied as long as it is carefully reviewed and agreed is flawless. My approach for this case study as an OD practitioner is to review, diagnose, and analyze what the OD practitioner have accomplished and make any changes and recommendations that I beli eve will further enhance the effectiveness of the OD intervention. I will apply the four model of planned change as I review and/or come up with any additional intervention for the company. Stage 1 – Entering and Contracting The OD team did not have a hard time entering into this business contract with JetBlue. All the factors I read in this case study are all in their side. The key concept that is very positive for this intervention is that JetBlue’s organizational culture is that they embrace change. This resulted the decision to help the SOC continuously improve was supported by all within the department and the whole organization. They have implemented an  ideal and perfect approach for entering and contracting. Their realization that tomorrow’s operating environment will look very different. They are treating each flight as a different case and they do not base their assumption on old data but always plan for the latest information for each flight. A comprehensive contract was developed by JetBlue and OD team. Both internal and external SOC stakeholders are engaged for this contracting. Their process is flawless and what they call a progressive company that embraces intervention as p ositive. They have developed a comprehensive contract that outlined the scope of work and established clear roles and expectations. Both sides have agreed on the contract, they will then proceed to the planning process. Recommended change/addition Upon reviewing Exhibit A, my recommended change is that the SVP of the SOC should be less involved on with the SOC operations. All the key elements are already identified and they have developed a process on how to enter and develop a contract. The stakeholders are already onboard with the OD program and in fact embraced the concept of OD so they should empower the OD team on changes and directly apply to the SOC with stakeholders getting an updated interventions being implemented. They should decentralize this tasking with the SOC, OD team and the crewmembers. By doing this, SVP and stakeholders can focus more on their bigger tasking and responsibilities by projecting and planning for the future of the company. The effectiveness of the Entering and Contracting stage is also apparent in eliminating or planning a course of action on taking out most of the â€Å"red flags† such as insufficient level of commitment, resistance or opposition by major stockholders, lack of power or influence and client’s desire to manipulate the consultant. These potential â€Å"red flags† were all addressed and resolved (Mitchell, 2006). It will also be cost effective if they will establish their internal OD team. By having a dedicated team, they will be more focus on the progress of the company. OD is already developed and more than likely, only minor interventions will be implemented to adapt in the ever growing and changing innovation of the global environment. During contracting, there were no specific goals identified by JetBlue but only to look â€Å"under the hood†. I believe the OD approached this as an Organizational process for their plans. Although the contract covered the scope of work, established their respective roles and responsibilities, they have not covered the estimated time needed that is devoted solely for the OD process. They might have missed this step because of the total buy in of JetBlue with change. But the issue might rise if the cost will start escalating or even the timeframe gets extended. Stage 2 – Diagnosis This is one of the pivotal areas that OD practitioners should be keen in identifying the relevant issues gathered on all data. Obtaining an updated and current data is needed in this ever changing global market. They also have covered this stage as you will read on the case study that they are branded as progressive company which means that they constantly strive for change. Exhibit A if you notice that they added a planning stage on how the intervention will be approached. A thorough data collection will be created as one of the tools to diagnose and approach an intervention. Exhibit B is the Denison Leadership Development Survey that was used and you can see the positive quantitative results that they have increased their scores in four key areas within eight months of implementation. Summarizing the information captured from the Denison Organizational Culture survey, focus groups and interviews, the OD team came up with five key themes for the company’s strategy development and culture change. The OD consultant also stresses to the leadership team that focusing on a few relevant areas was much more effective which I also totally agree. Recommended change/addition This case study mentioned that 40 interviews and focus groups were done to gain insight. I would increase the interviews to at least 50% of each division of the company to have a better data analysis on where the top strengths and weaknesses are. I will also make a two to three day session to interpret the data to come up with a more viable and acceptable hypothesis on identifying the themes for the company. The Denison Model gave a quantitative measure of the organizations status. It addressed and  identified the two strengths and two weaknesses of the company. And from that diagnosis, coupled with the 40 interviews and focus groups, they have come up with viable goals. Goals that are derived and interpreted from the data they have gathered. Recommended change/addition If I was the OD practitioner, I would also add questionnaires for the customers, observation and unobtrusive measures. My questionnaires will be designed solely for the customer satisfaction. This is your main business for the company. This is a key factor in increasing your market shares. I would design the questionnaire to draw out what can be improved and any innovative ideas that they want to see what JetBlue can offer. I will focus it on differentiation which will make JetBlue unique from other airlines. This will be a very strong intervention once applied because it directly affects the customers (Kabra, 2006). On my observations, I will be staging some observation sites at the tarmac, ticket counter, customer service, and other key areas of the business. We will observe the people on how they work, how long they work and the conditions on where they work will be some of the factors we will observe. By performing observations, you will witness the actual things that are happeni ng during the operations of the company. There are a lot of different divisions that makes up an airline business. The crewmembers each have different area of expertise such as stewardess, baggers, pilots, etc. It is very diverse and you need to collect data on all areas. I will also perform unobtrusive measures and study the current structure of the company’s organization and see if we are utilizing and maximizing all the skills, knowledge and abilities of all our crewmembers. From here I will define a benchmark and see what is our competitive edge compared to other airlines. I will also apply unobtrusive measure and establish a benchmark for both internal and external part of the company. This will give me a better approach and measure on what is the real status of the company and you can project stretch goals since this company embraces changes. A challenging and achievable goal for them will be ideal. By applying more measures on Data gathering, you will come up with a better conclusive strengths and weaknesses o f the company. You will diagnose and compare your data analysis and strategize a pattern and conclusive evidence that supports each type of data analysis you collected. Stage 3 – Planning  and Implementing This is the crucial stage of the OD process intervention. The critical analysis of the date gathered was thoroughly researched on this project. The planning stage was very effective as they have come up with a strategic approach to achieve their goals. As they OD practitioner finished the strategy, they were able to communicate the strategy to key leaders of the company (Lunenberg, 2010). I agree with the OD team on what happened after the data collection and goal setting. Meetings on each member of the SOC team were held and they were educated on what will be their roles during the intervention. They have minimized the people’s natural reaction on resistance to change. All five themes they came up were communicated effectively throughout the organization. An extensive weekly meeting for the first month was implemented. This is a carefully planned and well executed plan and implantation stage of the OD practitioner. This is a well thought of process that the OD team have cover ed all the interventions and each goal were further identified with a detailed plan of action of what are the steps needed for the achievement of their goal. And the key for this step by step procedure is the constant meetings and progress check to see how the intervention needs any adjustments or they are within their target goals. The OD practitioner is very well educated and approached this stage strategically. Recommended change/addition The two things I would add for the implementation change is the award system and stretch goals. They have instilled the intrinsic rewards for the crewmembers as the OD practitioner came up with an intervention that each crewmember are part of the changes that is happening as they have the quantitative measure of their goal they are achieving. The empowerment was placed with the crewmembers. Adding an extrinsic award system such a Employee of the month, cash bonus, etc., will only reinforce and encouraged each crewmembers for the success of the business. I believe with the buy in of all JetBlue employees, stretch goals for the directors and make it a competitive but friendly approach of stretching the goals for each department/division will not hurt since the culture of the company embraces  change. Stage 4 – Evaluating and Institutionalizing This is a success OD intervention from start to end. The evaluation process was impressive as you can see the success rate of the company. I believe that they have institutionalized the change and they made the OD a part of the company’s culture. They have achieved the OD intervention and as you can see, it has been decentralized and it is now at the lowest level of management. The success of the JetBlue and OD practitioner is evident because of the foundation it has set. You will see that they have accepted this intervention as a new way of doing business. And they even avoided the sense of complacency by having a Culture Change Monitor Survey and a bi-weekly working sessions to execute the plan. They applied the Denison Organizational Culture Survey to assess their strengths and weaknesses. You can see the evidence by having a good foundation and structure on the start of any OD intervention. It will follow a smooth transition from each phase. As you can see that the company was just transitioning from each phase of the OD process and as they evaluate the interventions, all the stakeholders are onboard and willing to improve the company as it is very evident as you read the case study. Institutionalizing it as you will read is also successful. From the start as the company embraces change, the company and the OD have transitioned change as a norm in their crewmembers view. They look all the changes as a philosophy in their culture that the success and development of their company can only be achieved through continuous improvement. Recommended change/addition The things I will add on this are annual get together, and recommend new survey system. By having an annual get together, I will implement a banquet type with key speaker to encourage the crewmember and have achievement awards with different categories. This will definitely encourage each crewmember to give their best every time they work. I would recommend another survey to replace the Denison Organizational Culture Survey in the next two years. Having the same survey yearly might create complacency and over familiarity of the survey. But if you give them a different survey, they will be able to look at it on a different perspective ad will pay more attention. I would review the current innovation, global market, benchmark the airline business, and their own. I will select and recommend an ideal survey based on the current data gathering I collected. Conclusion This is a success story of an OD intervention process. Ad JetBlue have embraced the changes, careful planning by the OD team as they enter the contracting was very effective. It is a very effective approach as they have identified almost all of the requirements to enter a contract. Data gathering and analysis have resulted in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the company. Goals were derived from the weaknesses and step by step approach designed to achieve each goal. Communication is evident as the key factor on the planning and implementation change. Each key leader are involved and updated on the planned intervention. All crewmembers that were involved were trained, educated, and made aware of what’s the plan and how will it be implemented. The empowerment were correctly applied which in my opinion is pivotal for their success. Evaluation and institutionalization is already evident as you read the case study that it was a continuous process that their company has embraced. They have the system set in place and monitoring was in place to ensure upward progress is tracked. I can find no other way to conclude the success of this OD intervention but to quote the case study verbatim â€Å"the case study states as follows â€Å"The SOC leadership team owns the process and the culture of the department, making the OD team’s involvement very low and leadership’s involvement very high. No longer is the kind of work that resulted from this project considered additional duties that leadership â€Å"must† perform. Because the OD consultant set the foundation from the beginning by delegating key tasks to stakeholders, having clear sponsorship and having responsible leaders, a mindset shift has occurred – the idea that creating a high performing culture is part of every leader’s job.à ¢â‚¬  As an OD, this should always be the ultimate goal on all your interventions. Exhibit A – Project Overview Exhibit B – Denison Leadership Development Survey Exhibit C – Changes over Time Exhibit D – JetBlue Airways & Organizational Development: Partners for Change Bibliography Cummings, G., Worley C.G., (2009). Organizational Development and Change. Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Dennison consulting, (2007, Jun). JetBlue Airways & Organizational Development: Partners for Change. Retrieved from http://www.denisonconsulting.com/Libraries/Resources/CS-2007-JetBlue-System-Operations.sflb.ashx JetBlue Airways, (2011, June). JetBlue Awarded Seventh Consecutive Customer Satisfaction J.D. Power and Associates Honor. Retrieved from http://blog.jetblue.com/index.php/2011/06/08/jetblue-awarded-seventh-consecutive-customer-satisfaction-j-d-power-and-associates-honor/ Mitchell, R.C., (2006, July). Model of the Organization Development Process. Retrieved from http://www.csun.edu/~hfmgt001/odmodel.htm Kabra, R., (2006, September). Virgin Atlantic – Gap Analysis. Retrieved from http://www.managementparadise.com/forums/public-relations-management/6928-virgin-atlantic-gap-analysis.html Lunenberg, F. C., (2010, November). Organizational Development: Implementin g Planned Change. Retrieved from http://www.nationalforum.com/Electronic%20Journal%20Volumes/Lunenburg,%20Fred%20C.%20Organizational%20Development%20Implementing%20Planned%20Change%20IJMBA,%20V13%20N1%202010.pdf

Free Essays on Antigone Book Report

1. Title of work: Antigone 2. Author and Date Written: Sophocles 1962 3. Country Of Author: Greece 4. Characters: Major: Antigone – Antigone is very (immovable) and (unwilling) because when she is told not to do something by king Creon she still does what she believes in. For example, â€Å"What Creon says is irrelevant. He is my brother. I will bury him.† Creon – Creon is very (stubborn) and (foolish) because when everyone tells him to release Antigone and bury her brother Polynicies he does not and it leads him to be alone. For example, â€Å"I’m not the man to sit quietly by and watch my country sliding towards the precipice of ruin nor can I be friend to my country’s foe† Minor: Chorus – the chorus is very (wise) and (all knowing) because they warned Creon of what was going to happen but he did not listen. For example, â€Å"It is a wise saying, that when God is set against you, You welcome the path to ruin,-but not for long.† Ismene – Ismene is very (cautious) (serving) because she does not want to help Antigone in the beginning break the law and is very serving because she still wanted to take part of the blame of what Antigone did. For example, â€Å"You intend to bury him? It’s forbidden.† Hameon – Hameon is a very (honest) and (obedient) man because when his father was going to kill Antigone he said that he was being foolish. For example, â€Å"They say that she deserves special honor for refusing to allowing the body of her brother to be left to the dogs and birds to pull to pieces.† 5. Settings: The setting of this book is in the palace of Creon. 6. Plot Summary: - Antigone argue with Ismene about burying her brother Polynicies - Creon creates the law that no one can bury Polynicies - Antigone is caught - Hameon argues with his father - Teiresias tells Creon of the prophecy - Antigone and Ismene is sent to the cave - Antigone hanged herself - Hameon kills himself - Eurydice kills her... Free Essays on Antigone Book Report Free Essays on Antigone Book Report 1. Title of work: Antigone 2. Author and Date Written: Sophocles 1962 3. Country Of Author: Greece 4. Characters: Major: Antigone – Antigone is very (immovable) and (unwilling) because when she is told not to do something by king Creon she still does what she believes in. For example, â€Å"What Creon says is irrelevant. He is my brother. I will bury him.† Creon – Creon is very (stubborn) and (foolish) because when everyone tells him to release Antigone and bury her brother Polynicies he does not and it leads him to be alone. For example, â€Å"I’m not the man to sit quietly by and watch my country sliding towards the precipice of ruin nor can I be friend to my country’s foe† Minor: Chorus – the chorus is very (wise) and (all knowing) because they warned Creon of what was going to happen but he did not listen. For example, â€Å"It is a wise saying, that when God is set against you, You welcome the path to ruin,-but not for long.† Ismene – Ismene is very (cautious) (serving) because she does not want to help Antigone in the beginning break the law and is very serving because she still wanted to take part of the blame of what Antigone did. For example, â€Å"You intend to bury him? It’s forbidden.† Hameon – Hameon is a very (honest) and (obedient) man because when his father was going to kill Antigone he said that he was being foolish. For example, â€Å"They say that she deserves special honor for refusing to allowing the body of her brother to be left to the dogs and birds to pull to pieces.† 5. Settings: The setting of this book is in the palace of Creon. 6. Plot Summary: - Antigone argue with Ismene about burying her brother Polynicies - Creon creates the law that no one can bury Polynicies - Antigone is caught - Hameon argues with his father - Teiresias tells Creon of the prophecy - Antigone and Ismene is sent to the cave - Antigone hanged herself - Hameon kills himself - Eurydice kills her...

Formatting Dialogue

Formatting Dialogue Formatting Dialogue Formatting Dialogue By Maeve Maddox A reader has a question about formatting dialogue in a novel: I have some confusion regarding speakers when writing dialog, and when you should start new lines. The logic I remember being taught is that every time the speaker changes in a story we should start a new paragraph. Is that always the case, or is it possible to have a quick line from another character or speaker in a paragraph where another character spoke? When I read a novel for pleasure- as opposed to studying a novel that does not appeal to me- I don’t want to have to work at it. I want to enter the fictional dream and not be pulled out of it by inappropriate diction, faulty grammar, or unconventional formatting. The time-honored way to present dialogue in a novel is to signal a new speaker by beginning a new line. Jane Austen did it. George Eliot did it. Mark Twain did it. The modern novelists I read do it. Combining the direct speech of multiple characters in one paragraph can be done, but even with the help of quotation marks and tags, the reader would find it slow going. For example, read the following conversation that appears in the novel Little Night by Luanne Rice: The phone rang, and they heard Clare answer in the kitchen. After a few minutes, Clare came back in. She was smiling. â€Å"Was that Paul?† Sarah asked. â€Å"Yeah,† Clare said. â€Å"He’s in the park, tracking an owl.† â€Å"He called to tell you that† Clare nodded, her smile growing. â€Å"Grit, I think you’ve brought us luck.† â€Å"I doubt that,† Grit said, before she could stop herself. Now read the same exchange presented conventionally: After a few minutes, Clare came back in. She was smiling. â€Å"Was that Paul?† Sarah asked. â€Å"Yeah,† Clare said. â€Å"He’s in the park, tracking an owl.† â€Å"He called to tell you that† Clare nodded, her smile growing. â€Å"Grit, I think you’ve brought us luck.† â€Å"I doubt that,† Grit said, before she could stop herself. Writers of experimental fiction- Thomas Pynchon, for example,- don’t hesitate to break the rules; that’s what experimental writing is about. Writers whose goal is to entertain readers by keeping them in the fictional dream don’t distract them with that kind of originality. They observe the conventions. The convention for dialogue is â€Å"new speaker, new line.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How Many Tenses in English?15 Words for Household Rooms, and Their SynonymsWhat’s the Best Way to Refer to a Romantic Partner?

The correlation and relationship between radical political ideology Thesis

The correlation and relationship between radical political ideology and religious devotion - Thesis Example For instance, a typical aspect of religious devotion would be â€Å"My religion consumes my entire livelihood† (Juergensmeyer 34). There are always strong claims from religion on people’s loyalty rather than the allegiance of the entire community. This is since those engaging in radical political ideology, often times, reflect on religious devotion through involvement and dedication. Therefore, it is always inevitable to separate religious commitments to conflicts that relates to political demands. In this case, it is notable that religious beliefs as well as practices have potential support for politics in several ways. The result has been the concern and attention that is given to particular needs of minority groups distinguished by their religious affiliation instead of ethnicity or gender. The accurate presentation on the massacre has attracted several debates. There have been several reports concerning the death toll. In this case, the reports reveals that the ATF agents four in total as well as eighty followers of David Koresh alongside his splinter group referred to as Branch Davidian Seventh Day Adventists were also involved. The event occurred in early 1993 when the ATF attacked and besieged, the fortified compound known to the Koreshians as Mount Carmel. The aftermath was that the area was rent into total destruction (Linedecker 70). The Branch Davidian Leaders have organized the survivors in the society into religious groups. For instance, the new churches referred to as ‘The Branch’ as well as ‘The Lord Our Righteousness’. From history, a number of these leaders have made efforts to change the massacre site into a tourist destination. The destination would comprise of an amphitheater, a biblical petting zoo, a museum including the gift shop. There would also be centers housing different issues such as organic farm and the Ten Commandments. The purposes for such centers are to lessen the impact of the massacre since those

Uk Company Law Directors Duties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Uk Company Law Directors Duties - Essay Example Directors should primarily implement their duties in an ethical manner towards profit maximization, balanced against the requirement for corporate survival and to have consideration for the broader stakeholders of the company. In Re D Jan of London Ltd , it was observed that the duty of care which is to be demonstrated by a director of a company under common law is now enshrined in s.214 (4) of the Insolvency Act 2006. Under s.212 of the Insolvency Act 1986, the liquidator sued the erstwhile director D’ Jan for breach and negligence of duty. In this case , the director D’ Jan signed an insurance policy as the task of filling up and checking up the application had been entrusted with an insurance broker. The fact that D’ Jan had been a director in a company which went to liquidation earlier had not been disclosed in the application and due to which , the fire claim made by the company was rejected by the insurance company. In this case , Hoffmann L J found D’ Jan in breach of his duty of care as he failed to go through the filled-in form and hence , he acted negligently . In Bairstow v Queens Moat House Plc , Nelson J found the four erstwhile directors of the defendant company liable for over  £26 million as regards to earlier dividends authorised by them. Nelson J observed the following in this case; A director who had given his permission for the defrayment of illegal dividend in violation of his duty and as a quasi trustee , he would be accountable to return such unlawful dividends paid back to the company as he knew that the dividends so paid were not legally authorised whether or not that authentic knowledge tantamount to fraud; If he is already aware of the information about the improperness of such dividend payments despite the fact that he was not aware that such improperness made the payment illegal. If he ought to have taken in all the background to have familiarity to the whole of the background which made the payments not legal; If he ought to have been well-known, as diligent and logically capable director that dividend payments were not legal6. In Overend and Gurney Co v Gibb and Gibb7, in exercise of the power authorised under the company’s Memorandum and Articles of Association of the company, the directors decided to purchase a money dealing and bill broki ng business. Later, this investment was found to be disastrous for the company. House of Lords were of the opinion though the directors

Security on the Web Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Security on the Web - Essay Example Considering all these cons, one must ensure that a good firewall is in place to keep the hackers at an arm’s length, keeping them at bay is an arduous task. This paper will shed light upon internet firewall security and how a good firewall can protect a person from malware, Trojan horses and other undesirable viruses. â€Å"The term "fire wall" originally meant, and still means, a fireproof wall intended to prevent the spread of fire from one room or area of a building to another. The Internet is a volatile and unsafe environment when viewed from a computer-security perspective, therefore "firewall" is an excellent metaphor for network security.† (What is a firewall?) Firewall is not something general, it means several specific things and it is supposed to do several important things to ensure that a user is safeguarded against attacks. Packet filtering is perhaps the most important job of a regular firewall. All the internet activities like downloads, chats and so on a re done in packets, and these packets contain information. Firewall must ensure that these packets are either allowed or disallowed based on the source of the internet protocol address known as the IP address. The destination port of these packets is also very important, the firewall is supposed to allow or disallow these packets purely on the basis of their destination port. Firewall must follow a protocol and allow or disallow packets or information based on the set protocol. This method of packet filtering is highly effective against malware and other dangerous attacks but this is not a foolproof plan. All traffic can be blocked by a firewall which does not make much sense; it should allow certain packets which are safe for the user to receive. It has its weaknesses like it becomes very difficult for a basic firewall to detect spoofing which means the information contained in the packets is falsified. Allowed packets may contain a bug which can retrieve a password and cause unwan ted actions, a basic firewall is vulnerable to these dangers. Circuit relay is another type of firewall which provides enhanced security, application level gateway is perhaps the most advanced of all and provides even better security. Static Packet Filtering: â€Å"Static packet filtering is a firewall and routing capability that provides network packet filtering based only on packet information in the current packet and administrator rules.† (Statistic Packet Filtering) Static packet filtering is based on the following important things: The administrator defines rules. The allowed ports and IP addresses are set by the administrator and only the allowed ports are allowed to send and receive packets. The transport layer contents, the network and the packet contents are all determined by the administrator. Better level of security is provided by the dynamic packet filtering. Static packet filtering does not look at the contents closely, on the contrary dynamic packet filtering screens contents very closely, previous connection states are also considered by dynamic packet filtering which static packet filtering fails to do. The packet headers are very important under static packet filtering, the information stored in the headers determines whether packets should be allowed or dropped. These headers are compared against the control policy which is set by the administrator. Below is an illustration which presents the same concept very comprehensively. (Static Packet Filt

Determinants of Intra-industry Trade

Determinants of Intra-industry Trade Intra-industry trade has been growing rapidly in the past three decades. The main characteristic for intra-industry trade is countries import and export same kind of goods but different levels of quality. Likewise, in intra-industry trade, the goods exchanged are not perfect substitutes. Many studies suggest that more specialized trade structure and more developed countries lead to higher intra-industry trade. Menon (1996) found that in Malaysia and Singapore there was more than 60 percent of the growth in the intra-ASEAN trade in the period of 1986 and 1991 was because of the intra-industry trade growth. Based on the David Ricardo’s economic theories, different countries have their comparative advantage in different manufacture production. Of which, individual regions or countries will specialize in production and thereby export goods that can be produced with comparatively cheaper price than other countries. Increasing in returns and monopolistic competition bring additional possibilities for intra-industry trade among countries. Intra-industry trade usually will takes place in the countries that have similar social structure and economical. Meanwhile, the key factors that affecting intra-industry trade are product differentiation, human capital intensity and economies of scale (Hu Ma, 1999). In a related study, Krugman (1979) developed new theoretical framework which vary from the traditional Heckscher-Ohlin theorem, they introducing models of monopolistic competition that determine increasing returns to scale and the demand of consumers for the varieties of differentiated products as key drivers of intra-industry trade. Besides, Duc (1994) also determined that economic size and capital endowment are important determinants of Intra-industry trade. According to the Thorpe and Zhang (2005), the supply-induced effect on economies of scale ensures production in great volumes of differentiated products. It is because in order to meet consumer’s demand for more variety, the manufacturers can take advantage of economies of scale in production then specializes in production of a variety product. Furthermore, the manufacturers in larger economies will have larger domestic market and more resources. Thus, there is higher possibility for investors to enjoy the economies of scale in production and increase the production of differentiated products. Bernatonyte and Normantiene (2007) mention that intra-industry is important for the changes of economy of a country. Intra-industry trade exploits economies of scale and stimulates innovation. Besides, it changes the structure of goods and nature of international trade in the way of increasing specialization and the increases of the variety of goods throughout differentiated products. Consumers have more choices of goods and the countries can gain benefits from larger markets. Therefore, they concluded that intra-industry is more beneficial than inter-industry trade since intra-industry trade. However, besides of economies of scale and product differentiation, there is also a lot other determinants that can influence the intra-industry trade. Thorpe and Zhang (2005) and Hirschberg, Sheldon and Dayton (1994), identified that there is a positive relationship between economy size and the intra-industry trade. They concluded that economic size of a country can influence the volume of trade. Other than that, the difference in the economies size of trading partners outlines the ability of a country to produce differentiated products. With different sizes of economies, larger economy have the higher demand for differentiated products and they can take advantage of economies of scale to export large volumes of differentiated products and meanwhile, the smaller country are forced to import those differentiated products since they not able to benefit from economies of scale in their own production. Moreover, Khalifah (1996) states that there is a positive relationship between the economic openness and intra-industry trade. The ASEAN countries have different level of openness. She concluded that countries with lower openness, such as Myammar and Indonesia, are expected to have less participation in intra-industry trade in ASEAN. In contract, the higher openness of Malaysia and Singapore are expected to contribute more in intra-industry trade. During the period of 1986 to 1990, there was more than half of ASEAN’s manufacturing trade is carried out under intra-industry type. The openness to foreign investment in Malaysia in the late 1980s had led to a rapid increase in foreign capital, which main on the manufacturing sector and results the expansion of trade in differentiated products. Apart from that, Singapore is also a very open and competitive country. It has generally lowest tariff barriers among ASEAN countries, followed by Malaysia and other countries. Singapore generated a high level of intra-industry trade since 1970s and it was traded heavily with Malaysia since then. Nonetheless, it is found that low openness country, Indonesia had very low level of intra-industry trade during the 1970s but slowly increased in the 1980s. As mentioned by Khalifah (1996) the intra-industry trade between Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia are more in intermediate goods compared to consumer goods. Indonesia’s intra industry trade is mainly intermediate goods such as primary and processed fuels and lubricant whereas Singapore’s intra-industry trade consists mainly of electronic goods, refined petroleum products, copolymerization, polymerization and natural rubber latex, which in among the top 13 import-export products. This indicates that protectionist sentiment will be minimizes with AFTA since it is under the interest of producers and consumers to maintain free trade environment. In addition, geographical closeness will results the psychological and cultural similarities where increasing trade in differentiated products and having same consumption patterns. Thus, it is offsetting the effects of lower costs through economies of scale. Geographical distance is a natural international trade barrier. The transportation and information costs reduce the volume of intra-industry trade (Thorpe Zhang, 2005). Although, Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore are located at different geography location and their residents have different preference demands. But because these three countries are just located nearby for each other in Asia, they have actually quite similar cultural and consumption pattern. Besides, the shorter distance and lower information costs allow them to trade to each other more easily. Therefore, there were already many years of bilateral trade history among these three countries. They import goods and services from countries that offer the lowest price, and export goods and services to countries that can receive highest price. This is good for both buyers and sellers in these three countries. The intra-industry trade is very important for all these three countries because the world having scarce resource, intra-industry trade can increase their residents’ standard of living. References Bernatonytel, D. Normantiene, A. (2007). Estimation of Importance of Intra-industry Trade. Engineering Economics, 3(53), 25-34. Duc, N.H. (1994). Intra-industry trade among Asia-Pacific economies: a case study in econometric analysis. Economics Division Working Papers, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, Canberra. Hirschberg, J.G., Sheldon, I.M., Dayton, J.R. (1994). An analysis of bilateral intra-industry trade in the food processing sector. Applied Economics, 26, 159-167. Hu, X., Ma, Y. (1999). International intra-industry trade of China. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 135, 82-101. Khalifah, N. A. (1996). AFTA and Intra-industry Trade. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 12 (3), 351-368. Menon, J. (1996). The dynamics of IIT in ASEAN. Asian Economic Journal, 10, 105–15. Thorpe, M. W. (1993). Intra-industry trade and ASEAN-The experience of Malaysia, The Philippines and Singapore, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Economics, Florida State University College of Social Sciences, Florida USA. Thorpe, M. Zhang, Z. (2005). Study of the Measurement and Determinants of Intra-industry Trade in East Asia. Asian Economic Journal, 19(2), 231-247.