Police Departments Police And Problem Oriented Policing

To start off, there are trends and techniques that police departments implement in order to minimize crime as much as possible. The two most common techniques used by police officers are community-oriented police and problem-oriented policing. This paper will describe the both methods and highlight the pros and cons of each. In continuation, community oriented policing is defined as, Community policing is a philosophy that promotes organizational strategies, which support the systematic use of partnerships and problem solving techniques, to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues, such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime.† (Scheider, pg.1 2008). One might say that the main aspect of community policing is the partnerships that police departments have to create in order to ensure the efficiency of this strategy; officers of our community cannot do it alone. Yes, there are positives aspects of this strategy as well as negative o nes. As just stated, officers cannot increase awareness of crime, safety issues and disorder alone, so the constructive side of community policing is bringing everyone together such as residents and local businesses to decrease possible misconduct. On the other hand, being too close can also be a downfall to community policing. That is said because, partnerships created can possibly take advantage of the police force and vice versa with officers abusing power. Also, according to Gianakis (1998),Show MoreRelatedEthics And Situational Problem Oriented Policing ( Miami Police Department )1071 Words   |  5 Pagesinteresting things. First I learned what CPTED is and what theory it is based on. Next, I found a previous Goldstein award finalist: Operation Safe Clubs: Enforcement and Situational Problem-Oriented Policing (Miami Police Department). After finding a Goldstein award finalist, I evaluated the questions given to me about the problems they were attempting to address, how they determined their best course of action, the response, and how they measured their success or failure. CPTED stands for Crime PreventionRead MoreProblem-Oriented Policing962 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract Problem-oriented policing has been the cause of changes in police departments all across the nation. Is this style of policing really effective and a continued help to departments? This paper will examine problem-oriented policing and shed some light into the present activities of police departments and how they have changed because of problem-oriented policing. Problem-Oriented Policing and its Past, Present, and Future Implications Problem oriented Policing, according to the AustralianRead MorePolicing Paper985 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: POLICING Policing Paper Amber Pickett AJS/502 January 23, 2012 Steven Duplissis Abstract This essay exams the concept of problem-oriented policing and its past, present, and future implications according to Herman Goldstein. This essay will also discuss administrative and operational considerations of problem-oriented policing in relation to functions of patrol, crime investigation, emergency or critical incident response, and future trends. Policing Paper Throughout historyRead MoreProblem-Oriented Policing Essay882 Words   |  4 Pagesimprove policing. Among them have been team policing, neighborhood policing, community policing, zero-tolerance policing and problem-oriented policing. Herman Goldstein was the first to propose problem-oriented policing in 1979. Problem-oriented policing is a policing strategy that involves the identification and analysis of specific crime and disorder problems, in order to develop effective response strategies in conjunction with ongoing assessment. The emphasis in problem-oriented policing is onRead MoreTrends in Policing1627 Words   |  7 PagesTrends in Policing By: Brittany Plemmons CJ299: Associates Capstone in Criminal Justice Prof: Christian Chenoweth Community- Oriented Policing (COP) is a philosophy that promotes organizational strategies, which support the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques, to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime. (http://legal-dictionaryRead MorePolice Enforcement And Community Policing1444 Words   |  6 PagesU.S. Department of Justice, community policing begins with a commitment to building trust and respect between police and communities. Many police department and citizens within the communities collaborate and they more effectively address underlying issues, change negative behavioral patterns, and allocate resources. Bureau of Justice Statistics defines community policing as, â€Å"A philosophy that promotes organizational strategies, which support the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solvingRead MorePolice Enforcement Is An Evolving Agency Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pagesthe US police departments are more likely to use one of three or a combination of 3 police strategies: community policing, problem oriented policing and zero tolerance policing. With that being said all of these serve a purpose and have negative and positives contributing effect onto communities. Through my experience and knowledge I have learned from policing I would utilize a combination of problem oriented policing and community policing if I were chief of police of a police department. AlthoughRead MorePolice Academy Training Program Must Go Beyond Arrest Procedures1370 Words   |  6 PagesPolice academy training programs must go beyond arrest procedures and usual tactics it must include COP skills (Anyatt, 1993 ). Academy training is infamously imperfect in instruction that emphasizes the discretionary application of a range of skills that relate to real world circumstances (Kelling, Wasserman, Williams, 1988). Much police academy training is undermined in the field. For this reason, a change to community policing philosophy and its subsequent organizational changes must be trainedRead MoreTheories Of Crime Analysis Spring1300 Words   |  6 PagesTypes of Policing Policing is to regulate, control, or keep in order with a law enforcement agency or other official group. It is a job done every minute of every hour of everyday by men and women willing to risk their health and life. To make the job easier different styles or types of policing methods have been developed. Some of the most influential types of policing include community oriented policing, problem oriented policing and intelligence led policing. Community oriented policingRead MoreA Brief Note On Broken Windows Theory And Community Policing881 Words   |  4 Pagescommunity policing. Wilson and Kelling(1989) showed that crime and disorder are related, which shows if police are able to keep the community, environment in order it can prevent crime. Popularity of community policing was high in the late 20th century with 85% having some community policing involvement with police departments (Skogan 2004, which was even more popular with big cites. Community involvement is a key to community policing and at the end of the 20th century 70% of departments had meetings

The Bill of Rights Essay - 1356 Words

Bill of Rights We live in the 21st century, where most Americans mind their own business but take for granted our God given rights. Not only God given rights but also those established by our founding forefathers. This paper will illustrate and depict the importance of the original problems faced when adopting the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. It will discuss the importance of the first amendment, the due process of the 4th, 5th, 6th, and the 8th amendments. Last but not least the importance of what is known as the â€Å"second Bill of Rights† (14th amendment). What problems with the original document motivated the adoption of the Bill of Rights? Many felt the Constitution was strongly focused on the power and authority the central†¦show more content†¦Thus Congress included the Bill of Rights and Federalist and Anti-Federalist came to a compromise and the Constitution came to be. Give one example of each of the five rights in the First Amendment. Freedom of religion: A great example of freedom of religion is that fact that central government or the state that someone might live in, cannot impose a said religion or prosecute for worshiping the religion of choice of an individual. Freedom of speech: The freedom to speak freely and without censorship and limitation. A great example of this would be a talk radio, where people call in to voice opinion on real time political controversy. Right to assembly: The right to form groups, to organize and to assemble together to address issues of a common goal. The ability to organize is an important means by which citizens can influence their governments and leaders (â€Å"Free dom of assembly and associationâ€Å", N.D.). Right to petition: The right to present request to the government without punishment or reprisal. A great example is picketing and peaceful protest. Keep in mind a violent protest is against the law and you will be arrested and prosecuted for such actions. Right to press: Our liberty cannot be guarded but by the freedom of the press, nor that be limited without danger of losing it. Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 1786. (Coates, 1995-99). Go to the â€Å"First Amendment Center† web site and pick a related court case for one or twoShow MoreRelatedThe Bill Of Rights : The Importance Of The Bill Of Rights1381 Words   |  6 PagesDo you know what keeps, and has kept America in order since 1789? That would be The Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights is simply the first ten amendments. Written by James Madison, The Bill of Rights lists specific prohibitions on governmental power. The Bill of Rights was officially added into the constituti on in 1791. The amendments are on display in the National Archives Museum. The First Amendment states that â€Å"everybody has freedom of speech, press, and religion.† The First Amendment allowsRead MoreBill of Rights1025 Words   |  5 PagesBill of Rights Amendments Paper Intro The United States is a country that was founded on the principle of freedom; it took the Bill of Rights to be added to the Constitution to guarantee citizens freedom. The Bill of Rights consists of the first ten amendments in the constitution; a document that outlines how the new American government would be created and operated. The Constitution was ratified in 1788 which was the start of protecting the interests of each citizen, two years later theRead MoreBill of Rights1449 Words   |  6 PagesBill Of Rights Assignment Week 3 Constitution HIS/301 Instructor James Newman Alan L. Olsen February 11th 2012 University of Phoenix Introduction According to Article V of the United States Constitution, when two thirds vote of Congress or State Legislature’s an amendment can be passed. Amendments are ratified by providing 3/4 of the votes in the Federal or State Legislature’s. When the ConstitutionRead MoreThe And The Bill Of Rights Essay1385 Words   |  6 PagesThe two sources of rights and fundamental principles found in the United States’ legal system as outlined by the text. Liberties and Rights what are the different between the two. Both of these words are in the Declaration of Independences and the Bill of Rights. These two words always been blurred, when it comes to their distinction. However, in today laws the words used interchangeable. However, they do example two different kinds of guaranteed protections. Supreme Court Judge Felix FrankfurterRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights1102 Words   |  5 PagesThe creations of the Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the United States Constit ution were established to protect an individual, rights to property, and the limit the empowerment of the government. In this legal document, a person is guaranteed rights to freedoms that are often taken for granted such as, freedom of speech, religion, and bear arms; the right to refuse to self-incriminate. These rights are often seen as simple and inalienable more than less they are complex rules and exceptionsRead MoreThe Rights Of The Bill Of Rights2115 Words   |  9 Pages1.Introduction Created September 25,1978 and ratified December 15, 179, the Bill of Rights was imputed into society as a tool to establish law,order, and morality. James Madison, a political theorist, was known as the father of the Bill of Rights. One of the most important amendments in the Bill of Rights is the right to freedom of speech, expression and media. In the Bill of Rights, the First Amendment states, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting theRead MoreHuman Rights And Bill Of Rights1665 Words   |  7 Pagesconcept of Human Rights and Bill of Rights Human rights are held by all people equally and universally from the time they are born until the day they die. You cannot lose these rights any more than you can cease being human. In claiming these rights, everyone also accepts the responsibility not to infringe on the rights of others and to support those whose rights are abused or denied. These rights are enshrined in the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Bill of Rights are one way ofRead MoreCivil Rights And The Bill Of Rights Essay1280 Words   |  6 Pagesof rights and liberties worldwide is a luxury that all countries do not have and are not given to them. In America the people have the Constitution and the Bill of Rights that enumerate their inalienable rights. In the State of Texas there is also a constitution and a Bill of Rights for the people. One of the most important rights in the Texas Bill of Rights in the constitution is Article 1 Section 3 and 3a titled Equality and Equality Under the Law. There are differences between civil rights andRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights : The Rights Of The Individual2233 Words   |  9 PagesThe Bill of Rights are the first ten amendments from the United States Constitution. The Bill of Rights was written by James Madison on December 15, 1791. The purpose of the Bill of Rights is to address the rights of the individuals that the Constitution did not specified correctly and it also was written to protect the rights of the individuals liberties even if the majority wanted to take them away. In the Fourth Amendment of the U.S Constitution provides privacy as it states in the ConstitutionRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights : The Amendment Rights2558 Words   |  11 PagesIn 1791, the Bill of Rights was created to specify the individual rights of every human being. Madison James is the creator of the 10 Amendments, he believed it was necessary to create the document to further explain what the Constitution will provide for each person. The Bill of Rights gives every citizen the right to freedom of religion, freedom of speech, as well as the freedom of the press, and lastly the due process rights. This document was formed when the Constitution in 1789 was drafted

Oil and Gas Management Big Oil

Question: Discuss how Big Oil is facing up to these challenges, and whether any strategic thinking and change is demonstrated in their public pronouncements and forward-thinking. Answer: Introduction Managing the risk is an essential part business procedure particularly in the energy industry. In Oil and Gas Industry, there exist various risks ranging from economic stagnation to environmental influence. This issues and risks threats the sole existence of national and international oil and gas industry. The major risk faced by oil and gas industry is slowing down of the demand due to global economic stagnation. The OPECs (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) unprecedented decision for maintaining production in order to recover lost market share has fired back by lowering the barrel range. The shale oil and gas production has led to the OPECs decision that has furthermore decreased the price of crude oil by 50% (Yusuf et al. 2014). The inflated price of the Oil and gas has led to the Cash Crunch that has affected the) business in a negative way. Apart from that, the production maximizing policy to oversupply 700,000 bpd for the year 2016 has further reduced the price of oil (Hongxun, Yujie and Peng 2015). In addition to that, the Climate Change Conference in Paris has jeopardized the sustainability and existence of Oil and Gas Industry the future. Thus, for ensuring the survival of the oil and gas industries, the focus has been given to Cash Crunch, Product Maximizing Policy, and low carbon global world. Cash Crunch A continuous and tremendous investment is required to maintain growth in the Oil and Gas Industry. Oil price reached its highest record with almost $150 per barrel in the year 2008 (Davies et al. 2014). Oil and Gas Industry witnessed a drastic change when the oil price dropped to $40 per barrel in 2009 (Bjerga and Aven 2015). The inflated price of oil leads to capital inefficiency, complacency, value destruction and uneconomic investments. Therefore, it can be said that with the reduction in capital expenditure and flat dividend, oil and gas industry would face a large shortfall in cash flow. Therefore, most of the national and international oil and gas companies need to defend their dividend to overcome the cash crunch. But a prolonged period of inflated oil price would threaten the dividend sustainability (Rahm et al. 2013). The cash crunch could result in borrowing of additional assets, and even some companies will be forced to cut or freeze the dividend that will ultimately resul t in sinking of their shares in the market. To avoid and mitigate the cash crunch problems in Oil and Gas Industry, the most significant need is the strategic planning of the business. The industry needs to focus on the long-term capabilities while ensuring the short-term need to sustain the economy. If the changes and actions were taken to mitigate the problem are not surgical that will automatically lead to harming the organization. Systematic or surgical cost reduction will assist in monitoring and control the cash flow during the cash crunch (Curran, Wolff and Stahl 2013). Since the cost inflation questions the very existence of the organization, the company needs to focus on reducing the inefficiencies and operational cost in the non-core area of the business. Furthermore, the oil and gas industry need to have projected sales. Project Sales allows the company to develop and enhance the strategic planning. Strategic planning allows controlling inventory and managing the supply chain. Identification of the potential customer and risks related to them is critical during the downtime of the company. The contribution of the customers has a potential impact on increasing not only the organizational profit but also the annual revenue collection. Identification of potential sources of capital support is most required in the industry. But initially, the company needs to focus on getting paid for their services from their regular and potential customers (Pedroni et al. 2013). If the internal resources appeared to be insufficient for funding the strategic planning, the company must bring external support to survive the crisis. The procedure to avoid or survive the cash crunch requires commitment and discipline among the Oil and Gas Industry. Analyzing and understanding the companys need, will help in avoiding the situation. The cash crunch in Oil and Gas industry if prolonged for a long time will affect the flow of cash and influence the business on a long term. If there is inefficiency in collecting the payments and turning down cash crunch, the industry will face an economic slowdown (Hladik, Focazio and Engle 2014). If this situation prevails, the majority of the Oil and Gas industry will run out of revenue within the next five years. Production Maximizing Policy Due to the falling of the crude oil price by 50% and having $40 per barrel during December 2015, the OPEC has decided to maximize the production of oil by 700,000 bpd for the year 2016 (Ong et al. 2014). Moreover, the primary strategy and intention of OPEC are the production of more crude oil for offsetting the lower crude oil. According to several companies, this decision of OPEC depicts the transparent idea of gaining the lost market due to infatuation (Hongxun, Yujie and Peng 2015). The increase in the production of shale oil is one of the major concerns for the Gas and Oil Industry due to the reduced rate of oil. Although, OPEC firmly believes that the continuous falling of oil price will force both the small and big Oil Companies to re-evaluate again their business and investment plans. Furthermore, according to OPEC, the increased number of production will force the oil companies to extract more oil from various new shale deposits that are more costly to extract than crude oil (Palmer 2013). It must be taken into account that, several companies, with the advancement of technology, can reduce the production of shale oil whereas, various companies can extract oil at a much lower rate than $40 (Cop21.gouv.fr. 2016).This acts as a power play for many companies both large and small for enhancing the Oil recovery in the recent few years. With the rate of Oils reduced to 40% of its original price, many international levels companies have started adopting "Enhanced Oil Recovery" Solution in order to increase the yield of oil production (Opec.org. 2016). Since many companies in the Oil and Gas Industry have eliminated the option of lying out more investment in another field to explore new deposits, this shale oil production has proved to be beneficial. In order to recover the market value of Oil and Gas, different large-scale oil Production Company has already invested a large sum of money on shale projects to maximizing their investment (Alam and Al-Ghawas 2015). Thus, abandoning the product maximizing policy will tremendously affect the whole oil and gas industry by backfiring and further reducing the economy. Many inventors and production company has stated that a freeze in the oil production for a certain time will boost the oil prices and stop the product maximizing policy. The US Energy Information Administrative has updated its forecast by stating that by the year 2017, the oil production might fall by 480,000 bpd (barrels per day) (Yusuf et al. 2013). These forecasts have assisted much big and small oil producing companies to rethink the initiative to abandon the maximum oil production policy. Furthermore, the forecast for reducing the production of Oil in the future will ultimately result in increased oil rate. Although it is impossible to stop the shale growth completely, OPECs decision to maximize the oil prod might be short-lived, but action will require much effort to abandon it. Thus considering the profit in the long run it will be profitable not to follow the OPECs product maximizing policy (Magness 2013). Low Carbon Global World The oil and gas industry need to look past the current economic crisis and focus on the long-term effect of the low carbon emission. Regarding the UN Climate Change Conference held in Paris, all the Oil and Gas Industries have been presenting their plans to restrain Carbon Emission past 2020 (Futureisclean.org. 2016). In spite of improving the future demand, the Oil and Gas Industry has vital responsibility for mitigating the environment risks. Therefore, the primary aim of the conference was to bind 55 countries through an agreement that will follow several laws through acceptance and approval to reduce the carbon emission (Dalderup 2014). Furthermore, the UN Climate Change Conference aimed at reducing the temperature by 2oC throughout the world and reduces global warming (Ramady and Mahdi 2015). Yusuf et al. (2013) argued that the oil and gas will continue to play a vital role as a source of energy, but the industry needs to consider the increasing pressure for decarbonizing. The gas industry will be facing a critical challenge in meeting the energy demand in the future while preventing the climate risk and administering the environmental impact. The government also plays an important role in understanding the production operations regarding the effect on the environment. The complementary activity of both the parties is required to maintain an environmentally sound and cost-effective approach. The Oil and Gas Industry must integrate the environmental issues systematically into business strategy. In spite of the rapid investment in renewable and alternative resources, energy forecast predicted the consumption of fossil fuel and gas will remain approximately 50% throughout the world (Ghanaati 2012). There still remains a huge potential for reducing the carbon dioxide emission while increasing the share of natural gas in production. The natural gas has a much lower impact on the carbon dioxide emission than the fossil oil. The Oil and Gas industry need to embed sustainability into their strategic plan and decision making procedure. The Oil and Gas industry have an opportunity for diversifying into renewable energy (Lake et al. 2014). There have been various researches and investigation have taking place for harnessing the wind power over the sea and convert in into renewable energy. Another major way to ensuring the fair share of energy is taken by the majority of the industry is to introduce "global carbon price" (Ramady and Mahdi 2015). This could have the potential to encour age innovative techniques to lower the carbon efficiency. Various oil and gas companies namely Statoil, BG group, Royal Dutch Shell has already taken initiative for Global Carbon pricing policy (Pereira et al.2013). Statoil is primarily based on Norway that has already placed the tax on carbon emission effectively for the past twenty-six years. Statoil has been effecting on influencing the economic factor for reducing the carbon emission. Technology does play a vital role in managing the carbon emission of the Oil and Gas Industry. Many companies and organization have been investing in the carbon capture and storage (CSS) (Heede 2014). With this process, the carbon dioxide emission can be theoretically prevented to 75-90% produced from the power plants (Geels 2014). The UN Climate Change Conference has played the significant role in collaborating the oil and gas companies throughout the world. Due to the low carbon global world, a significant change has been brought to Oil and Gas Industrys future development. Conclusion There is no denying the fact that in the recent days, the Oil and Gas Industries have been facing a global crisis for mere existence. Overcoming the various barriers to organizational growth require a strong business strategy with the clear view of the objective of the industry. Apart from having a robust business plan, the Oil and Gas Industry also need to leverage the advanced technological innovation to overcome the barriers to development. The recent fall in the oil prices, in the past few years, have led the industry to undergo a critical stage facing financial crisis. The effect of lower oil price with high production rate can be overcome with in-depth business strategy and adapting alternative processes. Furthermore, the cash crunch situation currently faced by most of the companies can also be overcome with perceived business strategy. Various big and small oil industries have already involved in the internal and external investment to overcome the cash crunch. In terms of en vironmental policy and reducing carbon emission, the oil and gas industry will be facing a major slow down of business in the future. But, there is no disputing the significant role of advanced technology that has eloped in Oil and Gas Industry. Thus, in order to survive the fundamental crisis, the oil and gas industry throughout the world need a robust business strategy along with technical innovation. References Alam, M. and Al-Ghawas, M., 2015, October. Challenges in Contractor Financed, Built, Owned Operated Oil Gas Processing Facilities in Kuwait. InSPE Kuwait Oil and Gas Show and Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Bjerga, T. and Aven, T., 2015. Adaptive risk management using new risk perspectivesan example from the oil and gas industry.Reliability Engineering System Safety,134, pp.75-82. Cop21.gouv.fr. (2016).COP21 | United nations conference on climate change. [online] Available at: https://www.cop21.gouv.fr/en/ [Accessed 23 Mar. 2016]. Curran, M.F., Wolff, B.J. and Stahl, P.D., 2013. DEMONSTRATION STUDY: APPROACHING OIL AND GAS PAD RECLAMATION WITH DATA MANAGEMENT: A FRAMEWORK FOR THE FUTURE1.Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation,2(2). Dalderup, R.E., 2014.Beating the Crunch: Real estate management of Dutch multinationals(Doctoral dissertation, TU Delft, Delft University of Technology). Davies, R.J., Almond, S., Ward, R.S., Jackson, R.B., Adams, C., Worrall, F., Herringshaw, L.G., Gluyas, J.G. and Whitehead, M.A., 2014. Oil and gas wells and their integrity: Implications for shale and unconventional resource exploitation.Marine and Petroleum Geology,56, pp.239-254. Futureisclean.org. (2016).FutureIsClean. [online] Available at: https://www.futureisclean.org/?gclid=Cj0KEQjw2sO3BRD49-zdzfb8iLwBEiQAFZgZfPR7Hz1GEr6alkQLXlTIG2vqUFVjsiwm0idqus3PQY8aAs6B8P8HAQ [Accessed 23 Mar. 2016]. Geels, F.W., 2014. Regime resistance against low-carbon transitions: Introducing politics and power into the multi-level perspective.Theory, Culture Society, p.0263276414531627. Ghanaati, S., 2012.A Comparison of Different Regulatory Appraoches, Analysis of the Relative Benefits of Command and Control, Reflexive Law and Social Licencing in Ensuring Oil Industry Compliance with Environmentally Sustainable Practices and Obligations(Doctoral dissertation). Heede, R., 2014. Tracing anthropogenic carbon dioxide and methane emissions to fossil fuel and cement producers, 18542010.Climatic Change,122(1-2), pp.229-241. Hladik, M.L., Focazio, M.J. and Engle, M., 2014. Discharges of produced waters from oil and gas extraction via wastewater treatment plants are sources of disinfection by-products to receiving streams.Science of the Total Environment,466, pp.1085-1093. Hongxun, L., Yujie, P. and Peng, D., 2015. A Study on the Game of Co-construction and Sharing of Oil and Gas Pipelines: From the Perspective of Oil and Gas Pricing Reform.Sino-Global Energy,10, p.006. Lake, L.W., Johns, R.T., Rossen, W.R. and Pope, G.A., 2014.Fundamentals of enhanced oil recovery. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Magness, V., 2013. Environmental Management Commitments: Impacts on Environmental Performance, Profitability, and Financial Risk (Preliminary Phase of Study).Profitability, and Financial Risk (Preliminary Phase of Study)(January 15, 2013). Ong, T.S., Soh, W.N., Teh, B.H. and Ng, S.H., 2014. Corporate governance and its effect on the efficiency of generating financial performance: evidence from the oil and gas industry of Malaysia.Asia-Pacific Management Accounting Journal,9(2), pp.19-36. Opec.org. (2016).OPEC : Home. [online] Available at: https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/ [Accessed 23 Mar. 2016]. Palmer, K., 2013. Environmental Management of Oil and Gas Activities in the Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf of New Zealand.Journal of Energy Natural Resources Law,31(2), pp.123-146. Pedroni, P.M., Jaramillo, H., Torres, C.M.D.L., Navarrete, Z.H., Bernalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ramirez, J. and Reed, T., 2013. A partnership approach to addressing applied ecological research needs of an oil and gas business.Journal of Applied Ecology,50(3), pp.539-543. Pereira, J.F., Gudia, E.J., Costa, R., Vitorino, R., Teixeira, J.A., Coutinho, J.A. and Rodrigues, L.R., 2013. Optimization and characterization of biosurfactant production by Bacillus subtilis isolates towards microbial enhanced oil recovery applications.Fuel,111, pp.259-268. Rahm, B.G., Bates, J.T., Bertoia, L.R., Galford, A.E., Yoxtheimer, D.A. and Riha, S.J., 2013. Wastewater management and Marcellus Shale gas development: trends, drivers, and planning implications.Journal of environmental management,120, pp.105-113. Ramady, M. and Mahdi, W., 2015. A False Dawn: Myths and Realities of OPECs Power. InOPEC in a Shale Oil World(pp. 57-78). Springer International Publishing. Ramady, M. and Mahdi, W., 2015.OPEC in a Shale Oil World: Where to Next?. Springer. Yusuf, Y.Y., Gunasekaran, A., Musa, A., Dauda, M., El-Berishy, N.M. and Cang, S., 2014. A relational study of supply chain agility, competitiveness and business performance in the oil and gas industry.International Journal of Production Economics,147, pp.531-543. Yusuf, Y.Y., Gunasekaran, A., Musa, A., El-Berishy, N.M., Abubakar, T. and Ambursa, H.M., 2013. The UK oil and gas supply chains: An empirical analysis of adoption of sustainable measures and performance outcomes.International Journal of Production Economics,146(2), pp.501-514.

Montserrat Essays - Plate Tectonics, Volcanology, Soufrire Hills

Montserrat Montserrat is a volcanic island in the Caribbean. On the southern end of the island is the Soufriere Hills volcano. The volcano, which first erupted about 100,000 years ago, has been dormant for centuries. The volcano took the islanders by surprise when it began to erupt again in 1995. Since then life on the island has changed greatly. Montserrat island is located in a 50 million year old subduction zone. This is an area where one of the earth's oceanic plates is forced beneath a more buoyant plate. Fluids rich in water and dissolved minerals are taken out of the crust that is being driven into the earth's mantle by the extreme temperatures and pressure. When the fluids rise they cause the overlying mantle to melt and form magma. The magma erupts along the subduction zone and eventually builds up on itself and forms volcanic islands. * http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/west.indies/soufriere/govt/images/forty.jpg The volcano began erupting again on July 18, 1995 after remaining silent for almost four hundred years. The volcano has erupted numerous times since then. The southern part of the island has been evacuated three times. There are about 3,200 people living on the island today. Of the 8,00 that fled most plan to return to the island once the volcano settles down. The problem is that no one knows when that will be. It could be a long time before the people return to the island. * http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/98/volcanoes/images/1ml-back1.jpg Volcanic activity cannot be predicted. Different things happen with different volcanoes and none are the same. Looking back at the volcanoes recent history, it may be safe to assume that the volcano will continue to erupt for a number of years. No one can actually be certain what exactly the volcano will do in the years to come. It may decide to settle down for another four centuries. The only thing that anyone can really do is watch what happens and try to keep the people on the island safe. Since the volcano began erupting in 1995, the lives of the people on the island have changed greatly. Soufriere Hills was once covered in thick forests and Montserrat was big on agricultural trade. Now many of the island's villages including all of the villages within eight kilometers of the volcano have been evacuated. Some of the other village people still live in fear of being rained on by pumice pebbles or their houses or land being hit and destroyed extremely hot rock the size of basketballs landing like bombs on their property. More than 2/3 of the people that lived on the island have fled because of the volcano. Soufriere Hills has had a devastating effect on the lives of the people of Montserrat. Who knows what is to come in the future for Montserrat. The volcano will most likely keep erupting for some time. Hopefully the people who live on the island will stay safe. If the volcano does die down, then maybe life will begin to return to normal on the island. Most of the 8,000 who fled will return and probably will try to rebuild the island. The future of Montserrat is unpredictable but we can hope that it will be good. Works Cited 1.Fall Out: Eye On The Volcano, National Geographic, 1998, http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/98/volcanoes/. Science