Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Proposal writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Proposition composing - Essay Example This film Rain Man delineates Raymond as an advanced medically introverted individual from which not a lot is normal; living among such a large number of others with handicaps who anticipated much from him. Raymond’s specialists and different companions used to take a gander at him as an individual who was consistently in his reality and one who couldn't set up a relationship. All through the film likewise, Raymond apparently contributes a great deal towards his brother’s character and social change. For the explanation of delineating Raymond as one individual from whom nothing is normal, I am persuaded to feel that this film depicts debilitated individuals in a negative manner (Lee 883-900). All things considered, Raymond is genuineness and mindful; he can recollect a few dates and addresses and knows numerous facts about baseball. Besides, Raymond is appeared to have the capacities of handling troublesome wholes in his mind and an incredible capacity to check cards. In any case, regardless of such decent characters and mental force from an individual with chemical imbalance the film despite everything shows that his capacity and character is being exploited and in this way the film keeps on depicting impaired individuals in a negative manner. Raymond is likewise generally excellent in self-support since he prevailing with regards to disclosing to his sibling that he would not like to fly and thus they drove. Since Raymond was re-joined with his sibling through social character, it is uncalled for the film to portray him as a withdrawn individual who can’t make a relationship. He shows heaps of care to his sibling through tallying cards for him and helping him monetarily without addressing. For every one of these reasons along these lines, Raymond as per me doesn't have the right to have been delineated in a way prone to recommend that he is pointless and can't add to the general public (Lee 883-900). The motivation behind why I chose to think of this adjustment is that such a large number of individuals as of now are discovering joy in watching motion pictures and all things considered, the negative delineation of the handicapped character in

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Sources and Implications in Paul Ricoeurs Ideology Concept :: Paul Ricoeur Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Sources and Implications in Paul Ricoeur's Ideology Concept (1) Dynamic: This paper plans to reveal insight into the issue of philosophy as found in crafted by Ricoeur. As indicated by Ricoeur, belief system isn't just distortive of social reality; it is too identified with society's capacity and joining, which in actuality changes our method of understanding the whole world. Belief system is an interminable and unresolvable issue, since there is no non-ideological spot from which to talk about philosophy. The phenomenological hermeneutic is utilized trying to intervene ideological wonders in a Ricoeur-like style. 1. Presentation When the contemporary pattern in Philosophy pushes toward the praxis, our point in this paper is to bring this point into sum to follow the fundamental highlights of Paul Ricoeur idea of belief system. As a minor reason we give a Theoretical system to contemplate political and social praxis. This is so as an issue of make them possible responses to issues that have been showing up as of late. It is essential to feature the commitment of Paul Ricoeur to Social Philosophy and Ethics. Ricoeur demonstrates a brilliant and ground-breaking approach to come to his meaningful conclusions justifiable, other than indicating a decent old style training on talking about issues that requires a philosophical convention. 2. A Brief Historical Overview on the Concept of Ideology This area presents a concise authentic review on the idea of belief system from its unique sources to advanced definitions accepting the hermeneutic strategy as conceded. The word philosophy was made by Destutt de Tracy to characterize the fundamental reasons for science that means to comprehend the thoughts, its attributes and laws and its connection to the signs that speak to it also. After that the equivalent gets another implications to different scholars as Auguste Comte and Émile Durkeim. Belief system is additionally thought to be a method of social reality concealing which implies a revelation in the most definitions found in numerous word references of Philosophy. Besides it attempts to speak to a misrepresentation world, forcing a predominant social class perspective to the lower classes. From Ricoeur's perspective, it is conceivable to understand this is a limited view which focuses just the negative side of the conversation. So as to progress in such a conversation, Ricoeur's proposition is to reconsider the issue until it is conceivable to locate a duple sense and a more extensive perspective. There is a long history words concerning a bogus doubt Marxism is just one connection in this chain.

Friday, August 21, 2020

Summer

Summer Theres something Ive noticed about the summer (well, my summer): Its different than the school year. There are many many many reasons why its different, but there are a few key reasons that most affect me. 1) Campus == Empty A lot of what makes MIT MIT is the people youll find here. I didnt used to be very social, I lived in the middle of nowhere and was very good at keeping myself busy, be it building stuff in my garage, wandering around outside, reading, what have you. Once MIT started I began life on Conner 2 (2nd floor, Conner side of Burton-Conner dorm) and I no longer had to find ways to occupy my time, they found me. Trips to Boston, chillin in the floor lounge, going to see Wicked, snowball fights with Conner 4, whatever it is, it probably involves most of the floors help. It was neat all of a sudden constantly having company and friends to help with stuff. Over the summer, no longer. Sure, I mean, there are some people around, but not like during the year. During the summer itd be pretty hard to just wander out into the hall and yell Pour House??? and have a bunch of people yell Im in! back at you (The Pour House is a bar/grill/restaurant in Boston that has half priced burgers on Saturday). There are getting to be more and more people on campus but not the type of people youd expect. Interphase just started so I see a lot of bright-eyed prefrosh running around with backpacks but theyre all living in Next House. Theres some conference or something happening somewhere on campus that has caused Conner 4 and Conner 5 to become filled with a bunch of Asian people Ive never seen before, and there was a summer camp that I think is over now. I believe RSI is started up but I dont actually know how to recognize those kids, and I keep seeing kids with poster boards and suits wandering in and out of Baker so something is going on there. Other than that, in terms of actual MIT students, campus is quite empty. Of course, this isnt made any better by my work hours, the second thing thats different about life during the summer. 2) My sleep schedule is wonky During the school year I had a pretty consistent sleep schedule, go to bed somewhere between 12 and 1 and get up at around 8. It netted me a good amount of sleep and gave me time to do homework. Unfortunately, here in MIT land, a 9 oclock class (which my schedule was full of) is considered buttcrack of dawn early and is a time slot loathed by almost everybody. Lucky me, Ive had 9 oclock classes since the year started and then I looked at the classes I have to take for my major (Mech E, course 2). Every single course 2 class starts at either 9:00 or 9:30 for all four years of college. Wonderful, I picked the major with the worst possible times for classes. For better or for worse, my MIT sleep schedule has absolutely nothing to do with my summer sleep schedule. You see, instead of a 9:00 AM class I instead have to be at work by 7:30 AM. I work in Rhode Island, meaning I have to catch the 6:25 AM commuter rail to get there. Of course, the commuter rail leaves from South Station so I need to get there first, meaning I have to leave the Kendall MIT T stop at 5:48 AM. Before that I need to wake up, shower, get ready for work, and then travel to the T stop, bringing my wake-up time to 4:45 AM. Yum. I finish work at 4:45 PM and catch the commuter rail back at 5:23 PM. I get back to Boston at around 6:40 PM, take the T to the Kendall MIT T station, and then eventually get back to my room at 7:00 PM. If I were to go to bed right when I got back to the dorm I would get 9:45 of sleep. I dont go to bed right when I get back though, I answer e-mails, check blogs, watch YouTube, and catch up on TV (thank you thank you thank you ABC for putting your shows online in HD. Ive been watching The Mole, probably the best reality show out there). I usually end up asleep by 11ish, giving me almost six hours of sleep, something youll learn to live on at MIT. 3) Its harder to do Laundry without TechCash. MIT has this awesome payment method known as TechCash. It lets you store money on your ID card and use that to pay for a variety of things. Since you always have your ID card on you, you theoretically always have money on you. My college loans feed partially into TechCash and I make good use of it. I use it for laundry, food, The Coop, Economy Hardware, and anybody else thatll take it. Unfortunately for me, my TechCash ran out and my loans dont carry over through the summer, meaning I have no TechCash. For those of you who know me, this is not an insignificant thing. I live on TechCash. I also launder my clothing with the help of TechCash, but since I cant do that anymore I find myself rummaging around in my room for quarters more often than Id prefer. Its hard to just find 24 quarters to do laundry, but Ive been managing so far. I think Ill have to buy quarters soon though, finding another 24 isnt going to happen. Oh, and dont use the washer in the corner. Yes, this is the actual layout of our laundry room 4) Theres not a lot to blog about. My life has been reduced to work, internet, sleep, repeat. As such, there are very few exciting things for me to blog about. Amazing things happen at work every day but because of all sorts of nondisclosure agreements I cant tell you about them. Ill try to write an entry about work shortly and fill it with as much stuff as I can but Ill have to leave some things out. I could write about admissions (admissions blogger, what?) but weve hit this cool period of limbo between classes. Class of 12 is pretty set to go and doesnt have a whole lot left to do for the summer except wait for housing results and pack (note to self, do entry about packing) while the potential 13s dont even have an application to work on yet so theres not a whole lot to do with that. This is why I havent been updating as frequently, because frankly, youd be bored and I dont like boring people (double meaning fully intended). So now I leave you with a nice little video that has nothing to do with college, MIT, admissions, or anything else. Can I be fired for this? Meh.

Summer

Summer Theres something Ive noticed about the summer (well, my summer): Its different than the school year. There are many many many reasons why its different, but there are a few key reasons that most affect me. 1) Campus == Empty A lot of what makes MIT MIT is the people youll find here. I didnt used to be very social, I lived in the middle of nowhere and was very good at keeping myself busy, be it building stuff in my garage, wandering around outside, reading, what have you. Once MIT started I began life on Conner 2 (2nd floor, Conner side of Burton-Conner dorm) and I no longer had to find ways to occupy my time, they found me. Trips to Boston, chillin in the floor lounge, going to see Wicked, snowball fights with Conner 4, whatever it is, it probably involves most of the floors help. It was neat all of a sudden constantly having company and friends to help with stuff. Over the summer, no longer. Sure, I mean, there are some people around, but not like during the year. During the summer itd be pretty hard to just wander out into the hall and yell Pour House??? and have a bunch of people yell Im in! back at you (The Pour House is a bar/grill/restaurant in Boston that has half priced burgers on Saturday). There are getting to be more and more people on campus but not the type of people youd expect. Interphase just started so I see a lot of bright-eyed prefrosh running around with backpacks but theyre all living in Next House. Theres some conference or something happening somewhere on campus that has caused Conner 4 and Conner 5 to become filled with a bunch of Asian people Ive never seen before, and there was a summer camp that I think is over now. I believe RSI is started up but I dont actually know how to recognize those kids, and I keep seeing kids with poster boards and suits wandering in and out of Baker so something is going on there. Other than that, in terms of actual MIT students, campus is quite empty. Of course, this isnt made any better by my work hours, the second thing thats different about life during the summer. 2) My sleep schedule is wonky During the school year I had a pretty consistent sleep schedule, go to bed somewhere between 12 and 1 and get up at around 8. It netted me a good amount of sleep and gave me time to do homework. Unfortunately, here in MIT land, a 9 oclock class (which my schedule was full of) is considered buttcrack of dawn early and is a time slot loathed by almost everybody. Lucky me, Ive had 9 oclock classes since the year started and then I looked at the classes I have to take for my major (Mech E, course 2). Every single course 2 class starts at either 9:00 or 9:30 for all four years of college. Wonderful, I picked the major with the worst possible times for classes. For better or for worse, my MIT sleep schedule has absolutely nothing to do with my summer sleep schedule. You see, instead of a 9:00 AM class I instead have to be at work by 7:30 AM. I work in Rhode Island, meaning I have to catch the 6:25 AM commuter rail to get there. Of course, the commuter rail leaves from South Station so I need to get there first, meaning I have to leave the Kendall MIT T stop at 5:48 AM. Before that I need to wake up, shower, get ready for work, and then travel to the T stop, bringing my wake-up time to 4:45 AM. Yum. I finish work at 4:45 PM and catch the commuter rail back at 5:23 PM. I get back to Boston at around 6:40 PM, take the T to the Kendall MIT T station, and then eventually get back to my room at 7:00 PM. If I were to go to bed right when I got back to the dorm I would get 9:45 of sleep. I dont go to bed right when I get back though, I answer e-mails, check blogs, watch YouTube, and catch up on TV (thank you thank you thank you ABC for putting your shows online in HD. Ive been watching The Mole, probably the best reality show out there). I usually end up asleep by 11ish, giving me almost six hours of sleep, something youll learn to live on at MIT. 3) Its harder to do Laundry without TechCash. MIT has this awesome payment method known as TechCash. It lets you store money on your ID card and use that to pay for a variety of things. Since you always have your ID card on you, you theoretically always have money on you. My college loans feed partially into TechCash and I make good use of it. I use it for laundry, food, The Coop, Economy Hardware, and anybody else thatll take it. Unfortunately for me, my TechCash ran out and my loans dont carry over through the summer, meaning I have no TechCash. For those of you who know me, this is not an insignificant thing. I live on TechCash. I also launder my clothing with the help of TechCash, but since I cant do that anymore I find myself rummaging around in my room for quarters more often than Id prefer. Its hard to just find 24 quarters to do laundry, but Ive been managing so far. I think Ill have to buy quarters soon though, finding another 24 isnt going to happen. Oh, and dont use the washer in the corner. Yes, this is the actual layout of our laundry room 4) Theres not a lot to blog about. My life has been reduced to work, internet, sleep, repeat. As such, there are very few exciting things for me to blog about. Amazing things happen at work every day but because of all sorts of nondisclosure agreements I cant tell you about them. Ill try to write an entry about work shortly and fill it with as much stuff as I can but Ill have to leave some things out. I could write about admissions (admissions blogger, what?) but weve hit this cool period of limbo between classes. Class of 12 is pretty set to go and doesnt have a whole lot left to do for the summer except wait for housing results and pack (note to self, do entry about packing) while the potential 13s dont even have an application to work on yet so theres not a whole lot to do with that. This is why I havent been updating as frequently, because frankly, youd be bored and I dont like boring people (double meaning fully intended). So now I leave you with a nice little video that has nothing to do with college, MIT, admissions, or anything else. Can I be fired for this? Meh.

Sunday, May 24, 2020

The Basics of Mammalian Temperature Regulation

Do you find it surprising that reindeer, which spend much of their time standing in snow, dont get cold feet? Or that dolphins, whose thin flippers are gliding constantly through cool water, still manage to pursue very active lifestyles? A special circulatory adaptation known as countercurrent heat exchange enables both of these animals to maintain the appropriate body temperature in their extremities, and this is only one of the many clever adaptations mammals have evolved over the last hundred million years to help them to deal with variable temperatures. Mammals Are Endothermic All mammals are endothermic—that is, they maintain and regulate their own body temperature, no matter the external conditions. (Cold-blooded vertebrates, like snakes and turtles, are ectothermic.) Living in widespread environments around the world, mammals face daily and seasonal fluctuations in temperatures and some—for example, those indigenous to harsh arctic or tropical habitats—have to deal with extreme cold or heat. To maintain their correct internal body temperature, mammals must have a way to produce and conserve body heat in colder temperatures, as well as dissipate excess body heat in warmer temperatures. The mechanisms mammals have for producing heat include cellular metabolism, circulatory adaptations,  and plain, old-fashioned shivering. Cellular metabolism is the chemical process that constantly occurs within cells, by which organic molecules are broken down and harvested for their internal energy; this process releases heat and warms the body. Circulatory adaptations, such as the countercurrent heat exchange mentioned above, transfer heat from the core of the animals body (its heart and lungs) to its periphery via specially designed networks of blood vessels. Shivering, which youve probably done some of yourself, is easiest to explain: this crude process generates heat by the rapid contraction and shaking of muscles.   If An Animal Gets Too Warm What if an animal is too warm, rather than too cold? In temperate and tropical climates, excess body heat can accumulate quickly and cause life-threatening problems. One of natures solutions is to place blood circulation very near the surface of the skin, which helps to release heat into the environment. Another is the moisture produced by sweat glands or respiratory surfaces, which evaporates in comparatively dryer air and cools the animal down. Unfortunately, evaporative cooling is less effective in dry climates, where water is rare and water loss can be a real problem. In such situations, mammals, like reptiles, often seek protection from the sun during the hotter daylight hours and resume their activity at night. The evolution of warm-blooded metabolisms in mammals wasnt a straightforward affair, as witness the fact that many dinosaurs were apparently warm-blooded, some contemporary mammals (including a species of goat) actually have something akin to cold-blooded metabolisms, and even one type of fish generates its own internal body heat.

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

The Le Togolese Woman Towers - 987 Words

The petit Togolese woman towers over me as I recline in the chair. Her hands hastily swivel down the hair. She has been plaiting my hair since the morning. The style I requested, large bulky waist length braids, is time consuming. The braids rest heavy on my shoulders now. To keep us entertained, she keeps the television on. Program after program cycle each other. I slip in and out of sleep to catch the first few minutes of each segment and to check on the progress of my hair. The television advertises that the Rachael Ray show would be premiering next. All of a sudden Rachael announces that the color of the year is orchid? Orchid? Who decides what the â€Å"color of the year† will be? How do these people decide this color? When do they come up with this decision? Why do they need to come up with a color that millions of Americans must follow to â€Å"keep up with fashion?† Who decides what is fashionable? There are three women and two men that belong to the fashion com mittee. The women of this committee are chosen from each age bracket: eighteen to thirty, thirty to forty-five, and forty-five to sixty-five. The men are both of age thirty-five. These men and women meet quarterly to discuss what they believe should be in top fashion for the season. The woman in age bracket forty-five to sixty-five serves as the judge and has the most amount of influence and power to override the other four member’s decisions. This committee generally cares about the fashion decisions they make

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Lost Secret of Term Paper Writing Service Superiorpapers

The Lost Secret of Term Paper Writing Service Superiorpapers Understanding Term Paper Writing Service Superiorpapers You can receive a lot of our services for a fair price. Once you set the order, you are going to be asked to create a new Ultius account. From here, you are going to be in a position to look at and download your final purchase. Who Else Wants to Learn About Term Paper Writing Service Superiorpapers? After you start looking for a business that features custom papers, the procedure can last forever. Because of this from using our services, you will get a custom-written paper you may use for your own purposes. The procedure is quite easy. It was designed to be fast, convenient and thorough so that you can get a great end-product. In the event that you were searching for the very best research paper writing service to employ, search no more. Write your papers with us, and you are going to be pleased with the final item. You are able to order pieces of papers you're assigned to write also. Our college term papers for sale supply you with an excellent deal every moment. Our term paper writing service enables customers to select the writer they need to work with based on their abilities and assignment requirements. Use a dependable paper writing service when don't have any idea what things to do with your created assignments. When it has to do with writing, distinguishing top high quality work from poorly tackled writing challenges is far from a tough task. If you think about getting professional writing service, it's understandable there could be concerns about plagiarism. After all, should you not get your term paper delivered on time you're just wasting your money and you will receive a poor grade fo r not turning in your assignment in time. If you're puzzling who can assist you with the assignment at the lowest price as you're a student and may be pressed for money, you're at the correct place as we offer cheap customized writings. There's tons of individuals who would look at ordering from an inexpensive paper writing service. Thus, the only logical way out is to begin searching for skilled assistance with term paper. A professional writing service can make all of the difference on earth. If you're looking for the very best writing services online, you're in the perfect location. In case you have any of the above mentioned reasons for getting expert help online, make the suitable choice let us assist you with your assignments! Every one of the aforementioned listed service options are made to help you conserve time, money and receive the most out of your experience with us. If you are in need of a well-written paper on short notification, the group of specialist essay writers at Grademiners is simply what you're searching for. For instance, the author of a specific essay could already be having the simple idea about what he or she's probably supposed to be writing about. Also, it is going to be indeed helpful if you were able to supply the writer with the textbook you are using in class or any extra materials which will see to it that the writer employs the most relevant sources while complet ing the paper. It is possible to collaborate with the writer we assign as much as you wish to, and you'll get completely free revisions if you are not totally pleased with the completed paper. The most important part of a term paper is discussion. Our primary and just goal is to help you in locating the ideal paper writer. In case you're indecisive to pay a person to compose your essay, explore other facets of our websites or contact our support team for any extra guidelines. Whether you own a question about our research paper assistance, need help ordering a research paper, or simply wish to talk with your writer, we're always here to assist you in any way we can. Term paper help would become your savior! Another issue is that you may vice versa select the topic that's too hackneyed and won't impress a professor.

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Auditing issues of ABC Learning Centre - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Auditing issues of ABC Learning Centre. Answer: Introduction This report is regarding the introduction of new accounting standard ASA 701 Communicating Key Audit matters in the Independent Auditors Report and it clearly examines the case of ABC learning center and if amendment to the ASA 701 has been put forward then the financial fraud would have not been occurred and the stated company would not have collapsed. It also states about the new reporting requirements introduced in the ASA 701 and its implications in the industry due to which the way of financial and accounting misappropriation has resolved up to an extent. It also contains the linking of the ABC learning center case with the ASA 701, in which it contains about the matters occurred. The report clearly illustrates how the frauds in an organization has paved the way for introduction of new accounting standard and has led to various amendments in the existing standards. There are various loopholes in the law drafted and the reporting of the auditors was not accurate so to discontinue this practice and enhance globalization various efforts were taken to improve the reporting requirements. There were various issues raised in ABC learning Centre such as the accounting issues and debt and these issues occurred due to no proper disclosures by the auditor and the auditor gave an unqualified opinion for the same. A linkage study has been established between the stated company and the introduction and amendments in the auditing standard explaining the reasons of amendments and if the same was present the stated company would not have been collapsed. It also discussed about the successful implementation of the standard and the auditors are encouraged to meet the requirements and the investors and audit committee being engaged and supporting for the process illustrated above. Auditing issues in ABC Learning Centre The stated company is an Australian listed company which runs a business of childcare centers. The company expanded its business rapidly in other countries as well. It rapidly started acquiring small and medium sized centers across the country (Blythe, 2017). In a short span of time it made significant growth which led to increase in its stock prices to $8.60(Teen, 2012). Since it acquired bulk centers but was unable to sustain the growth for the long time. It paid excess value for centers than actual value affecting the growth. It took debts for acquiring the company and was unable to pay the same as it does not pick the pace of growth which was expected. The acquisitions made were criticized by economists all over the country. In no time the profits and share prices of the company fell down and thus lead to the liquidation. There were various issues of the failure of this company in which the significant one was fraudulent financial reporting (Sumsion, 2006). Major ethical issues i dentified were Unethical accounting practices followed. Auditors of the companys financial statement breached the code of ethics. For survival of the organization corporate governance principles should be followed, the same was breached by the company. ABC learning Centre has a remarkable financial fraud in its organization. Financial fraud is defined as cheating in financial transactions for its personal benefit. Since there was manipulation of financial statements it can be said as an accounting fraud in which it overstated the assets and revenues of the company superficially and underreporting its liabilities. It is also discovered that ABC has made considerable profits from subsidies it received from government in the form of tax rebates. It also earned profits from paying low wages to staff and cost cutting which was not a sustainable business model (Weaven and Grace, 2010). Controversies were made due to its acquisitions of child care centers which created monopoly in the market. It was also seen that it has used all his financial resources in regulations governing childcare and thus creating huge liability for the company. Auditors were unable to sign off its reports due to its huge debt obligations which were not paid even after selling off its assets (Brasel, Doxey, Grenier and Reffett, 2016). And after this incident the company was delisted from stock exchange and creditors for winding up of the company and the same was taken over by Goodstart, a consortium of mission Australia. The issues in collapse of ABC learning center were: Accounting issues It led to acquisitions of various childcare Centres which were paid more than there acquisition values resulting in creation of intangible asset called as goodwill. But when the company is running below profits the intangible assets becomes worthless and this was what happened with learning Centre. Profits of ABC increased extremely with acquisitions but out of those profits seventy percent was intangible assets which would have been questioned, since the inherent risk associated with the same was enormous. The external auditors of ABC learning Centre namely Pitcher Partners gave unqualified opinion on the above stated issue. Whereas later on Earnest Young provided a different view on the matter. Therefore after this incident took place lot of corporate scandals was identified in which the report of auditors provided unqualified opinion. Debt - The acquisitions were done after taking debt from financial institutions, but the company was unable to pay the same so it reclassifies its debt as non-current liabilities from current- liabilities. But in the end of year 2008 its profit fell down by forty two percent and thus company tried to renegotiate the loan but the same was rejected by banks (Teen, 2012). Breach of debt has led to drastic effect. Operating cash flow- The operating cash flow was not sufficient to pay the suppliers, vendors, salaries and dividends even though their profits were increasing. The directors of ABC pledged their shares to pay the dues and due to which market flooded with shares and thrashed the share price (Hems, 2015). ABC s failure was not due to lack of competition but was due to wrong business practices and high level of debt and acquisitions as per the representation made by Australian competition and consumer commission (ACCC). Reasons for developing ASA 701 A new auditing standard namely ASA 701 Communicating Key Audit matters in the Independent Auditors Report deals with auditors responsibilities in reporting of key audit matters is introduced. It is reportative standard which provides form and content of communication to enhance the readability of intended users of financial statements. The report is formed on the basis of auditors professional judgement and on the same basis significant areas are defined which requires clear attention of management and in some cases those charged with governance. But disclosing such matters in audit report is not a substitute of various disclosures required by management to make in financial statements and the reporting requirements under ASA 570 and modified opinion required to provide under ASA 705. ASA 570 is been replaced from Going concern assumption to going concern basis of accounting and this standard continues to report on an exception basis (Penn, 2011). This standard is applied only when auditor is required to communicate key audit matters as per any law or regulation or is a requirement for listed entities in which auditor audits general purpose financial reports. It was amended by International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) due to various below mentioned reasons. The changes in ASA 701 has definitely lead audit procedure more time consuming and costly but at the same time it is important to understand the need for such changes , if these changes would not have introduces same scandals would have taken place. After the insertion of new requirements it is important for early discussions of matters with client and auditors for fulfilling the new reporting requirements relating to financial statements disclosures and identification of appropriate and potential KAM (Reid, Carcello, Li and Neal, 2015). New ASA 701 has paved a way for disclosure of Key audit matters for all listed entities, depending upon the nature and complexity of organizations. Those matters on which auditors opinion is significant shall be disclosed (Sirois, Bedard and Bera, 2016). These matters may include significant risk areas, uncertainty of estimate done by management in preparation of financial statements and significant events affecting the current period. Out of these matters the most significant shall be included in report and thus called as key audit matters (Cordos, and Fulopa, 2015). Material uncertainty which was earlier disclosed in the financial statements was disclosed as emphasis of matter paragraph in audit report but the same in the amended and shall be included in a different Head as Material Uncertainty Related to Going Conern. As per the amendment there are some changes in the location of paragraphs and there is no requirement of placing other matters paragraphs and auditors opinion to be placed first in the auditors report and opinion paragraphs (Auditing and assurance standard board, 2017). Management responsibilities and its reporting are increased as per the new standard applicable. Management is required to disclose matters relating to going concern and further requirement of superintending financial reporting process by those charged with governance (Logan, Press and Sumsion, 2012). The auditor is now supposed to make a positive statements relating to independence from the entity and that he is fulfilling the ethical requirements required for conducting audit and fulfilling other requirements relating to ethics (Gimbar, Hansen and Ozlanski, 2015). Important enhancement is required after amendment that auditor is required to report when the event and conditions cast significant doubt on the entity going concern principle even if no material uncertainty exists at that time (Carson, Fargher and Zhang, 2016). However it can be said that a lot reporting requirements have been enhanced in the new ASA 701, thus the auditors are required to be keener and updated about the audit conducted. Auditors are required to follow these requirements with effect from financial reporting period commencing on or after 1 January 2016. Matters to be disclosed in auditor report of ABC Learning Centre The collapse of ABC learning Centre would not have been held if there were proper disclosures by the auditors in the financial statements. Since at that time there was no such awareness which led to the scandal and accounting frauds. ASA 570 is being amended with the requirement that the auditor has to consider going concern accounting and even if no material uncertainty occurs still if it casts in the mind of auditor that the assumption is not adhered with he has to report over the same. If this requirement was before ABC learning Centre auditors would have reported the same and it would have easily reflected the wrong practices done by the stated company. If the requirements of ASA 702 would have been introduced the reporting requirements would easily locate the discrepancies done by ABC learning Centre and its accounting fraud would have been easily figured out. A reduced disclosure regime was implemented by department of finance in order to reduce the workload and make financial statements easier to read. Key audit matters include the most common aspect of reporting that is the carrying value or impairment value of goodwill and intangibles (Brigden, 2009). If we refer to the case of stated company one of the most dangerous loopholes was the acquisition value of centers as it was acquired at extravagant prices which lead to excess goodwill but actual value was far lesser than what was quoted which lead to bookish profits but no real profits and this is how it lead to misstatements which resulted in fraud. KAMs also includes the details of various acquisitions made since the globalization and increasing consolidation has impact on the organization, so these are required to be included with proper disclosures which was totally missing in the case of stated company (Auditing and assurance standard board, 2015). It is very important to understand that revenue recognition plays key role in deciding the real profits of the entity. The case stated above clearly exp lains the fact that the revenue was wrongly stated and the readers were referring to that position of financial statements even if the same was audited by the auditors and auditors gave unqualified opinion (KPMG, 2015). The new standard has opened the door for giving more transparency and giving more insights about the audit. There are various features of key audit matters to meet various objectives such as fact based, concise and free from technicalities, tailored to the company and sufficient detailed to understand the matter addressed in the auditors report (Doxey et al, 2016). Conclusion The primary purpose of the financial statements is to provide entitys financial position and the auditors review the same to ensure that whether they show true and fair view or not. But due to some loopholes in the reporting requirements there were many violations and frauds occurred, due to this it paved the way to insertion and updation of the new accounting standard ASA 701. It can be concluded that ASA 701 reporting plays a very important role, it is regulatory standard through which accounting fraud can be controlled. A case of ABC learning Centre is taken as a base to explain the fraud which occurred in the organization. This report includes the critical factors newly introduced in ASA 701 through which various reporting requirements have taken place. The linkage study has been done to explain the fraud conducted in the organization and if there would be these reporting requirements and a change which has been made in ASA 570, how the fraud conducted would be controlled. A brie f understanding is being made of the case referred and the newly inserted ASA along with changes done in other reporting standards for understanding the reasons as to why such changes occurred and what led to such change. Thus to make disclosures less generalized and more meaningful it gave a global push to improve the usefulness of the financial reporting. References Auditing and assurance standard board, 2015, Auditing Standard ASA 701 Communicating Key Audit Matters in the Independent Auditors Report, retrieved on 29th august 2017 from https://www.auasb.gov.au/admin/file/content102/c3/ASA_701_2015.pdf Auditing and assurance standard board, 2015, Explanatory statement, retrieved on 29th august 2017 from https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2015L02016/Explanatory%20Statement/Text Blythe, S.G., 2017.Attention, balance and coordination: The ABC of learning success. John Wiley Sons. Brasel, K., Doxey, M.M., Grenier, J.H. and Reffett, A., 2016. Risk disclosure preceding negative outcomes: The effects of reporting critical audit matters on judgments of auditor liability.The Accounting Review,91(5), pp.1345-1362. Brigden, C., 2009. Unions and collective bargaining in 2008.Journal of Industrial Relations,51(3), pp.365-378. Carson, E., Fargher, N. and Zhang, Y., 2016. Trends in auditor reporting in Australia: A synthesis and opportunities for research. Australian Accounting Review, 26(3), pp.226-242. Cordos, G.S. and Fulopa, M.T., 2015. Understanding audit reporting changes: introduction of Key Audit Matters.Accounting and Management Information Systems,14(1), p.128. Doxey, M.M., Fuller, S.H., Geiger, M.A., Gist, W.E., Hackenbrack, K.E., Janvrin, D.J., Pitman, M.K. and Roush, P.B., 2016. Comments by the Auditing Standards Committee of the Auditing Section of the American Accounting Association on PCAOB Release No. 2016-003, Proposed Auditing StandardThe Auditor's Report on an Audit of Financial Statements when the Auditor Expresses an Unqualified Opinion and Related Amendments to PCAOB Standards.Current Issues in Auditing,11(1), pp.C26-C40. Gimbar, C., Hansen, B. and Ozlanski, M.E., 2015. Early Evidence on the Effects of Critical Audit Matters on Auditor Liability.Current Issues in Auditing,10(1), pp.A24-A33. Hems, L., 2015. Situating Mutuals In The Australian Public Sector Context.Managing Under Austerity, Delivering Under Pressure, p.215. KPMG, 2015, Enhanced auditor reporting, retrieved on 29th august 2017 from https://home.kpmg.com/au/en/home/insights/2015/12/enhanced-auditor-reporting-december-2015.html Logan, H., Press, F. and Sumsion, J., 2012. The quality imperative: Tracing the rise of'quality'in Australian early childhood education and care policy.Australasian Journal of Early Childhood,37(3), p.4. Penn, H., 2011. Gambling on the market: The role of for-profit provision in early childhood education and care.Journal of Early Childhood Research,9(2), pp.150-161. Reid, L.C., Carcello, J.V., Li, C. and Neal, T.L., 2015. Are auditor and audit committee report changes useful to investors? Evidence from the United Kingdom. Sirois, L.P., Bdard, J. and Bera, P., 2016. The informational value of key audit matters in the auditors report: Evidence from an eye-tracking study. Sumsion, J., 2006. The corporatization of Australian childcare: Towards an ethical audit and research agenda.Journal of Early Childhood Research,4(2), pp.99-120. Teen, M, 2012, The ABC of a corporate collapse, Business Times, Governance for Stakeholders. Retrieved on 21 august 2017 from https://governanceforstakeholders.com/2012/12/28/the-abc-of-a-corporate-collapse/ Weaven, S. and Grace, D., 2010. Examining parental and staff perceptions of childcare service quality across competing business structures.Australasian Journal of Early Childhood,35(2), p.54.

Thursday, April 2, 2020

The Preparation Of Organic Compounds Aspirins And Oil Of Winte

The Preparation Of Organic Compounds Aspirins And Oil Of Wintergreen Title of Experiment: The Preparation of Organic Compounds Aspirins and Oil of Wintergreen Introduction The purpose of this experiment is to prepare two organic compounds (aspirin and oil of wintergreen) and to illustrate the typical organic reactions. Students will also learn some techniques commonly used in organic synthesis and the meaning of the terms theoretical yield, actual yield, and percent yield. Both Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) and oil of wintergreen (methyl salicylate) are commonly used organic compounds. Aspirin is usually used as a pain reliever or fever reducer, and oil of wintergreen is used in rubbing liniments for sore muscles and as a flavoring agent. Aspirin is usually made by reacting salicylic acid with acetic anhydride. C7H6O3 + C4H6O3 C9H8O4 + C2H4O2 (salicylic acid) (acetic anhydride) (acetyl salicylic acid: aspirin) (acetic acid) Oil of wintergreen is made by reacting salicylic acid with methanol in the presence of sulfuric acid. C7H6O3 + CH4O C8H8O4 + H2O (salicylic acid) (methanol) (methyl salicylate: oil of wintergreen) (water) Procedure Preparation of Aspirin 1. Set up a water bath and an ice bath. 2. Put 3 grams of salicylic acid and 4mL of acetic anhydride in 125mL conical flask. 3. While swirling the flask, add 5 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid to the mixture. 4. Heat the flask in the beaker of boiling water for 15 minutes or until the solid dissolves. 5. Carefully remove the flask with 9 tongs from the water bath and add 25mL of your ice-cold water to the flask. 6. Set the flask in the ice bath until crystallization appears to be complete. 7. Separate the crystals from the liquid by suction filtration. 8. Rinse the product with ice water to transfer all of the solid aspirin onto the filter paper. 9. Draw air through the product for several minutes. 10. Transfer the solid from the funnel to a preweighed, labeled, dry paper towel, and allow it to dry thoroughly. 11. Make a tablet of aspirin by using a pellet press. Preparation of Oil of Wintergreen 1. Put about 0.2 grams of salicylic acid and 2mL of methanol in a medium sized test tube and swirl until the solid dissolves. 2. Add 5 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid. 3. Place the test tube in a hot water bath at 60 - 70?C for 15 minutes. 4. Remove the test tube from the hot water bath and let it cool to room temperature. 5. Cautiously smell the contents of the test tube. Science Essays

Sunday, March 8, 2020

Comparing and Contrasting Rommel and Patton essays

Comparing and Contrasting Rommel and Patton essays Many heroes rose to the top during the era of World War II, two such heroes waged an epic battle both directly and indirectly against each other during this time frame. These two soldiers were considered by many to be the best of the best for each side of the struggle; one the son of an ordinary Protestant man with no military history, the other the next in the line of a lineage of great war heroes. Though they came from different backgrounds, nationalities, families, and schooling, George S. Patton Jr. and Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel Jr. are in many ways both different and yet at the same time alike. The following pages will examine the life, views, and military history of German Field Marshall Erwin Rommel and Four-star general George S. Patton Jr. First, the pre-war lives and background of these two men will be dissected. Next, the World War I contributions and exploits of Rommel and Patton will be compared and contrasted. Finally, evidence will be given as to why the names of these two men will forever go down in the military history books for their contributions during the trying times of World War II. Born on November 15th, 1891, in the town of Heidenheim, Germany, Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel Jr. was born into a family of five children whose military history was a barren river bed. Rommels father was a Protestant school teacher, as was his father; his mother was the daughter of a high ranking senior government official. In fact a young Erwin had aspirations of attending to study engineering so he could one day design and create new innovations to help bring Germany into a new age. Little did he know he would one day be one of the key creators of the storied Nazi military machine of the Third Reich. But Erwin Sr. was insistent that his son attend cadet school to prepare for service in the German Army; so in 1920 Rommel put his dreams of becoming an engineer on hold and enlisted in the army, much to the satisfaction of h...

Thursday, February 20, 2020

Assignment 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Assignment 3 - Essay Example My dad and mum have asked me so many questions even from the morning. But I have not replied to any of the questions. They asked me what happened to me and my silence provoked them a lot and they kept repeating the same question. Mum and dad have concluded that I have some problems which might be psychological and need medical assistance and they decided to seek the advice of a psychologist in the evening as both of them need to attend their professional duties during their day time. They asked me to stay in the home till they arrive in the evening. But I decided to go to my college to study the responses of my teacher and my colleagues. On my way to class, so many people wished me with Hello, Hi. But I have not responded to anyone. Those who wished me have looked suspiciously at me and uttered certain words and gone. But one of my closest friends has came close to me and asked me what happened. But I have not responded. He has pat me on my shoulders and asked me even louder; â€Å"what happened to you? I have not responded and entered the class amidst the irritating comments of my colleagues. When the lecture was going on, my friends started to look at me occasionally to watch my actions. The teacher has noticed that something rather unusual has happened in the class after observing the behaviors of my friends and he enquired about it. One of my friends replied that something drastically wrong has happened to me. The teacher has asked me what happened to me. But I continued my silence amidst of some strange noises produced by my classmates. The teacher asked others to calm down and he has continued his class. After the classes, I returned home and continued my silence till my dad and mum arrived. They came back in the evening and asked me to get ready to have a consultation with a psychologist. They were so much anxious about my condition and started to make their own judgments for my peculiar behavior. I could not control my emotions for so long and

Wednesday, February 5, 2020

Global Marketplace Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global Marketplace - Dissertation Example As of the year 2012, the nations of India and China are the largest producers of graduates all around the world (Coughlan, 2012). This oversupply of qualified human talent is lowering the competition for talent in the markets of India and China and as a result leading to lowering of job costs in these specific markets. Additionally, in analysing the scenario from the financial as well as strategic perspective, the currency difference that exists between the Western and Eastern nations of the globe are further generating lucrative options for organizations of the West who can get the desired jobs done at much lower costs from the low cost talent base available in the market of the East. The influence of the macro economics and market dynamics of the various nations also has to be taken into consideration while trying to gauge the factors that are fuelling outsourcing. The stress in the economic growth of the global nations is directly creating pressures on the manpower costs that can be handled by the organizations. The organization management trends reveal that companies are opting for lean staffing and high employee productivity. Routine restructuring of the work force by organizations are leading to discharging of skilled employees who are again opting forward to cover their own lifestyle expenses by working in a freelancing mode. This is indirectly triggering the demand for freelancing in an indirect manner (Pattison, 2009). To leverage the advantage emerging out of low cost skilled talent available in the global markets, especially from the nations of the East, the organizations of the global markets are turning to outsourcing of jobs of certain levels. Also, the factors of... This paper stresses that talking in regards to role conflict, it can be said that this factor might emerge in virtual teams as the various employees who are working for an organization as a part of the virtual team are spread in different geographical location. The lack of face to face interaction among the team member automatically leads to the lack of coordination within the team. This might automatically trigger a potential conflict in regards to the roles that are supposed to be performed by the various remotely operating members of the virtual teams. As a process of resolving these issues, the HR department of the organization dealing with international HRM issues should focus on clear role definition for the employees working as a part of the virtual team of an organization This essay makes a conclusion that in discussing about the interpersonal relationships and work relationships, it is important to consider that since the members of the virtual team are operating in a remote manner, there is a tremendous lack of interaction among the team members of both formal as well as informal nature. From the point of group dynamics, it needs to be stated that for smooth operating of any team, it is important to promote mutual interaction within the team members. For the process of promoting interaction among the team members working in a virtual team, the HR department of the organization needs to encourage the team leader responsible for supervising the virtual team to promote mutual interaction among the team members of both formal and informal manner.

Monday, January 27, 2020

English Is Considered As Lingua Franca English Language Essay

English Is Considered As Lingua Franca English Language Essay English is considered as lingua franca around the globe. People mostly communicate across cultures in English all over the world. During the process, it is natural that many words of the local languages get their way in and become part of that particular variety of English spoken in that region. This paper aims at finding Urdu words that have become part and parcel of the English language spoken in Pakistani scenario. It is a study of Urdu loan words that got their way in English in everyday communication. For the study, the language of newspaper was chosen as it represents the language in use. English daily the Dawn was selected for the purpose as it is most circulated newspaper in Pakistan. The paper elucidates that there are a large number of Urdu words which are part of English. Chapter I INTRODUCTION Newspapers have become an essential part of modern life. The modern man starts his day by reading over the news with a cup of tea. Equally unimaginable is a morning without the daily newspaper for some people. It is because newspapers are seen everywhere in the world. They are printed and published in each and every language known to man all over the world. Newspapers are called the mirrors of the world. They reflect and report the trends and happening from all parts of the world. Usually, they cover every aspects of life- national, international, local, social, political, cultural etc. Reading English Newspaper can improve EFL students ability of vocabulary and the skill of reading. But it doesnt mean that they need to look over the all content in the newspapers. First, they can find the topics they are interested. Then, just read these topics they scan. They also dont finish every paragraph of them. If the content is really interesting for students read it thoroughly. So they may get good mood to read what they are interested. Gradually, they are able to absorb many kinds of new information and have good storage of vocabulary. Language teachers can use the newspaper as an effective tool for demonstrating the concepts of reading and writing, as well as the structure of the English language. Using newspapers in this way helps students see realistic examples of the practical applications of grammar and comprehension that they can utilize in their reading and writing experiences in and out of the classroom. It is an observation in Pakistan that when we analyse the content of English newspapers we often find such words that are emerged from English into Urdu or other languages due to the culture association or bilingualism. The profession of news reporting and editing is totally about interpretation of words and phrases. One cannot interpret it until he has command over news language as well as general language. Where English enjoys a very prestigious status in Pakistan, It is essential that Pakistani news reporter and editors function effectively in English. This research presents an analysis of language conversion in Pakistani English newspapers due to culture association or bilingualism. Based on the empirical data from Pakistani English newspapers and magazines, this research aims to show the English words that have been converted into Urdu or other local languages of Pakistan. It also presents the brief overview of the use of English as a non-native variety. This research suggests that variations and changes in a language are an integral part of bilingualism and multilingualism. This research centers on the variations in the English language due to language conversion in Pakistan and also shows the significant role of the Urdu and other local languages in the formation of Pakistani English. Only those features that are found as a result of conversion have been discussed. In this research, only that data has been taken into account where Urdu phrases and clauses have been used. This research is interested in describing different aspects of language change in English when used in a non-native context i.e. Pakistan. First and foremost a great deal of interest has been generated in the English language as a result of its spread around the world and its use as an international language. Now-a-days English has become a global language. English is used all over the world by millions of native and non-native speakers because of its dominant position. There are approximately 430 million L2 users and 330 million L1 users. So the non-native speakers use English more than the natives ones. Being an international language, it is used almost in all the countries of the world. When people started using English in non-native contexts because of its growing popularity, it developed as a transplanted language. Its prevalence and power in Pakistan is growing very much. For many Pakistanis, English has become not only a practical necessity but also the language of opportunity; social prestige, power, success as well as social superiority. Such power is vividly seen in Pakistan where people tend to switch from Urdu to English to create special effect. Urdu is the national language of Pakistan and one of the two official languages of Pakistan. It is the most important language of literacy in the country. In Pakistan, Urdu-English conversion is a common characteristic of educated Pakistani bilinguals. Conversion occurs when two languages come in contact. English has assumed a linguistic and cultural identity of its own. This identity manifests itself throughout the language at the word level, the phrase level and the sentence level. It is the natural consequence of its regular contact with the Urdu language. A large number of borrowings from Urdu and the regional languages of Pakistan have entered in Pakistani English. Urdu-English conversion at the level of the phrase and clause is available; this research is likely to bridge the gap. The conversion data in this research focuses on the use of Urdu phrases and clauses in the English newspapers. The data has been collected from the following printed Pakistani English newspaper and magazines: 1. Dawn (daily) (Lahore) 2. The news Statement of the Problem: This research is based on the analysis of English newspaper and to check the frequency of words occurred in Urdu or other local languages. Objective of the Study: This study aims to find out the words of other Pakistani languages that have been occurred in English newspaper, in Daily Dawn and The news. To compare the common words occurred in both newspapers. Significance of Study: This study of newspaper provides us a thorough survey to what extent the Urdu words have been used in English newspapers. This is a beneficial research for language improvement of policy makers, teachers, students and assessment institutions. Limitation: We have studied thoroughly the reasonable amount of English newspaper Dawn Daily Lahore and The News. We have classified the section of newspaper. On the basis of this classification we have checked the frequency of the Urdu words occurred in English. Delimitation: We have studied ten newspapers of both Daily Dawn and The News on daily basis due to the time cost constraints and because they are the oldest source of information. Design of Study: This study is qualitative in nature. It is based on the Meta analysis of newspaper. The use of this method is appropriate with the purpose of this study. Research is conducted while using qualitative approach. Because the result of the data analyze is in the descriptive phenomenon such as words and sentences.

Sunday, January 19, 2020

Using The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Essay -- Personality Tests Psych

Using The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Test measures personality according to eight traits, in twos. The first set of traits tested is introversion and extroversion. When taking this test, I scored twenty-two introversion points and only six extroversion points. According to the test, I am an introvert. This means that I better relate to the world of ideas rather than the world of people or things. Introverts are energy conservers. They hold in stress, feelings, and ideas and they build up as long as possible. This type of person would push to the limit all day and hold as much in as possible. When they sit down at the end of the day, they are exhausted. This is what I do. Introverts are quiet but friendly and generally reserved with incredible drives for their own ideas. I feel that I am an introvert because I relate more to ideas and feelings than people. I am very shy and reserved but friendly. I have trouble remembering names and faces but I am interested in what people do and say. I am very detailed and somewhat of a perfectionists, carefully thinking about things before I act. The second set of traits are the sensate and intuitive. The sensate involves a preference to work with known facts while the intuitive is a preference to look for possibilities and relationships. Sensate personalities are characterized by those who do research and observation. This type of person wants to know the facts and can see what is on the outside. They te...

Saturday, January 11, 2020

Development of the Bill of Rights

When the American colonies rebelled against Great Britain, the rebels gave their reasons in the Declaration of Independence. According to the Declaration, people have unalienable rights to liberty. â€Å"The ideology of the revolutionary generation shaped the later American Bill of Rights. This revolutionary ideology combined and wove together both the natural rights of man and the historic rights of Englishmen†. The colonists emphasized natural rights and historic liberties as a result of their view of government.Government was potentially hostile to human liberty and happiness. Power was essentially aggressive. The rebellious colonists dealt with the problem of aggressive political power by several devices: separation of powers, an independent judiciary, the right of people to have a share in their own government by representatives chosen by themselves, and an insistence on the natural and historical rights and liberties of citizens reflected in revolutionary bills of rights of the several states. These concessions to slavery produced some protests.George Mason, delegate from Virginia and a leading advocate of a federal bill of rights, complained that delegates from South Carolina and Georgia were more interested in protecting the right to import slaves than in promoting â€Å"the Liberty and Happiness of the people. † Some framers rationalized the compromise with slavery on the assumption that the institution would soon die out. In truth, however, a compromise was made in the interest of the Union. While the framers compromised with slavery, they took steps to prevent its spread to new states.Particularly after the adoption of the Bill of Rights the Constitution reflected the Jekyll-and-Hyde character of the nation. The nation sought simultaneously to protect liberty and slavery. All in all, the Bill of Rights was adopted because of the fear of abuses of power by the federal government. It simply had no application to the states. The idea that the federal Bill of Rights protects liberty of speech and press, freedom of religion, and other basic rights from violations by the states has become commonplace, even for lawyers. Indeed, many Americans probably accepted this commonplace when careful lawyers knew it was not so.From 1833 to 1868 the Supreme Court held that none of the rights in the Bill of Rights limited the states. From 1868 to 1925 it found very few of these liberties protected from state action. Those the states were free to flout (so far as federal limitations were concerned) seemed to include free speech, press, religion, the right to jury trial, freedom from self-incrimination, from infliction of cruel and unusual punishments, and more. State constitutions, with their own bills of rights, were available to protect the individual, but too often they proved to be paper barriers.Most, but not all, scholars believe that the Supreme Court was right, at least as a matter of history, up to 1868. They believe, that is , that the founding fathers did not intend for the Bill of Rights to limit the states. In contrast to the English Bill of Rights of 1689, in which the powers of Parliament are protected against the encroachments of the monarch, the American Bill of Rights was created to protect the individual against the intrusions of the legislative and executive branches of the government.As James Madison expressed it, â€Å"If we advert to the nature of Republican Government we shall find that censorial power is in the people over the Government, and not in the Government over the people. † Nowhere in the Bill of Rights is this more sharply affirmed than in the words of the First Amendment: â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. â€Å"Although nine of th e thirteen colonies had established churches, four did not (Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware). By the time the First Amendment was adopted, however, only three states had an established church -Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Connecticut. Of even greater significance is that no two states shared the same religious configuration with respect to its population. Not to be overlooked is that in the decade between the Declaration of Independence and the Constitutional Convention, numerous states had made declarations in support of religious freedom prior to the adoption of the Bill of Rights.In 1868 the Fourteenth Amendment was ratified. Beginning in the 1920s, the U. S. Supreme Court began to apply the Bill of Rights to states through a process now called the incorporation of the Bill of Rights into the Fourteenth Amendment. As originally passed, the Bill of Rights applied only to the federal government and not to state governments. The Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses clearly applied to the states. Through a series of lengthy cases, the Court engaged in a piecemeal process of interpreting the Fourteenth Amendment clauses to include the various freedoms protected in the Bill of Rights.In Near v. Minnesota (1931) the Supreme Court applied freedom of the press to the states. In this case, the city of Minneapolis tried to suppress the publication of scandalous, malicious and defamatory material in newspapers. A newspaper publishers association, fearing censorship, challenged the Minnesota law on the grounds of violation of freedom of press. The Supreme Court struck down the law by contending that it represented prior restraint of future issues. The most important freedom given to the press is freedom from prior restraint, the freedom not to be censored.The process of nationalizing the Bill of Rights through the Fourteenth Amendment continued in the area of free exercise of religion. In Hamilton v. Board of Regents (1934), the Court held that freedom of religion was protected by the First Amendment against invasion by the national government and by the states. This decision was confirmed in Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940). This case questioned the constitutionality of a Connecticut law which banned solicitation of money for religious or charitable reasons unless approved by the secretary of the public welfare council.This particular official had the authority to decide whether a fund-raising cause was truly a religious one. In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the statute violated religious freedom and the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. From the critical standpoint, the Bill of Rights not only constitutionally protects individual rights of citizens, such as freedom of religion, peaceable assembly, right to keep and bear arms, trial by jury, but it also secures the entire system of American democratic values and implementation of democracy in reality.For instanc e, freedom of press, declared of in the First Amendment, does not mean only that â€Å"Congress shall make no law†¦ abridging the freedom of†¦press. † Considering the fact independent media is one of the pillars of modern democracy, this constitutional guarantee aims to secure democratic principles of the country. Moreover, the freedom of press implies automatically the absence of any censorship limiting the execution of freedom of speech, which is too declared in the First Amendment and similarly is to protect democratic principles.The Bill of Rights has been created not only to protect freedoms and liberties of American citizens on individual levels, but also to secure the position of a person before the government. For example, the Fifth Amendment provides that no person shall be forced in any criminal case to be a witness against oneself. At the same time, from my personal viewpoint, the fundamental importance of the Bill of Rights is its long lasting effect and its tremendous influence on American legislative and judicial system.Firstly, the Bill triggered the adoption by the Congress of several important acts protecting civil liberties like Civil Rights Act. Secondly, because the Bill is an integral and vital part of US Constitution, and thus the ultimate legal power, legislative and judicial system have been continuously improving constitutional doctrine on individual rights. For example, one can notice during 1960-70s the constitutional rights of public employees to freedom of speech and association, procedural due process, and equal protection have also been vastly expanded.Historically the Constitution has retained its flexibility because interpretations of its meaning have changed. Choosing between two or more sets of competing values, the Supreme Court has played a major role in maintaining this flexibility. A significant trend has been the extension of civil rights to the previously powerless. For instance, the involvement of the U. S. Supreme Court in civil rights for blacks is long-standing, dating back to issues from the days of slavery.In the Dred Scott case (1857), Chief Justice Taney ruled that no blacks, slave or free, were citizens, and that blacks had no citizenship rights (Hall, 38). In 1883, two decades after the Civil War and the official end of slavery, the Court ruled on five separate suits affecting the rights of blacks, and collectively called the Civil Rights Cases (1883). These cases arose in response to the Civil Rights Act of 1875 which prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection and public accommodations. In these cases, the public accommodations portions of the 1875 act were challenged.The Court recognized that the Fourteenth Amendment forbade discrimination by states but it made no mention of discriminatory acts committed by individuals. Since the Civil Rights Act prohibited discrimination by individuals and private businesses, the Court ruled that the act had overstepped congre ssional authority and was therefore unconstitutional. By the end of World War II, the Supreme Court had become more supportive of civil rights for blacks. It struck down the all-white primary in Smith v.Allright (1944), arguing that the Democratic party was in essence an agent of the state and was therefore subject to the Fifteenth Amendment. During the late 1940s and the 1950s, the Court followed the trends begun earlier of moving away from the doctrine of â€Å"separate but equal† (Hall, 51). This may be seen in the cases of Sipuel v. Oklahoma (1948), Sweatt v. Painter (1950) and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950). In the Sipuel case, which was similar to the Gaines case, the Court ordered Oklahoma to provide a separate but equal law school for a black woman and stressed the need for equality in facilities.In Sweatt v. Painter, the state of Texas had established a separate black law school but it was inferior to the white law school at the University of Texas in the size of its faculty and the quality of its library and student body. The court ruled that the black law school had to be improved. The Court nearly overturned the â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine in the McLaurin case in which Oklahoma had allowed a black student to attend a white graduate school but had segregated him from the rest of the students by designating separate sections of the library, cafeteria and classrooms for him.The Court struck down these segregation provisions, claiming that they interfered with the ability of the black student to exchange ideas with other students, a requisite for a good education. Although these cases fell short of invalidating the â€Å"separate but equal† principle, they made segregation at the graduate school level more difficult to implement. Perhaps the most significant civil rights cases to aid blacks in the fight for equality were the two Brown cases in the 1950s.Brown v. Board of Education I (1954) arose as the result of a suit against Topeka, Kansas where Linda Brown, a black child, was not permitted to attend a segregated white school four blocks from her home. In Brown I, under the leadership of Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Court overturned the Plessy decision of â€Å"separate but equal† in the public schools by declaring that the separate but equal doctrine made black children feel inferior. In Brown v.Board of Education II (1955), the Court ruled on how to accomplish desegregation, concluding that local school boards should establish plans for desegregation under the supervision of federal district judges and â€Å"with all deliberate speed†. Despite these court rulings, southern school boards were slow to respond and avoided court orders by closing public schools and placing white children in private schools. Consequently, desegregation was only implemented very slowly.Women are not a minority but they have historically experienced legal discrimination based on th eir gender. The Supreme Court has played an important role in the expansion of rights for women. Overall the Court has been less important in the expansion of women's rights than it has been in the extension of rights to blacks and other racial minorities. A major reason for the less important role of the Court is that women's rights have mostly been broadened through legislation. Many women's rights cases addressed by the Supreme Court have been concerned with employment.Early court decisions followed a trend of protectionism and upheld restrictions on the nature and conditions of employment for women. In Bradwell v. Illinois (1873), the Supreme Court upheld a state law preventing women from practicing law. Not until the 1970s did U. S. Supreme Court rulings begin to move away from the restrictive, protectionist trend of the past. Reed v. Reed (1971) was the first instance of the Court striking down a state law which discriminated against women. Taylor v. Louisiana (1975) overturne d the precedent set in Hoyt v. Florida. Phillips v.Martin-Marietta (1971) ruled that employers could not discriminate against mothers of preschool children, despite fears that they might often miss work to care for their children. In Stanton v. Stanton (1975) the Court struck down a Utah law which required divorced fathers to support sons until they were twenty-one under the assumption that they would need support while being educated, while daughters had to be supported only until they were eighteen under the assumption that they would get married and be supported by their husbands. Beginning in the 1920s, the U.S. Supreme Court began to apply the Bill of Rights to states through a process now called the incorporation of the Bill of Rights into the Fourteenth Amendment. As originally passed, the Bill of Rights applied only to the federal government and not to state governments. The Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses clearly applied to the states. Throug h a series of lengthy cases, the Court engaged in a piecemeal process of interpreting the Fourteenth Amendment clauses to include the various freedoms protected in the Bill of Rights. In Near v.Minnesota (1931) the Supreme Court applied freedom of the press to the states. In this case, the city of Minneapolis tried to suppress the publication of scandalous, malicious and defamatory material in newspapers. A newspaper publishers association, fearing censorship, challenged the Minnesota law on the grounds of violation of freedom of press. The Supreme Court struck down the law by contending that it represented prior restraint of future issues. The most important freedom given to the press is freedom from prior restraint, the freedom not to be censored.In many cases the statements embedded in the Bill of Rights are impacted directly or indirectly through the process of governance in the United States. One of the most peculiar examples of this impact is adoption of the Uniting and Streng thening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, commonly known as the Patriot Act. This act significantly expands the power of the federal government to investigate, detain, and deport those people who the government suspects are linked to terrorist activity and other crimes.The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution requires the government to prove to a judicial officer that it has probable cause of a crime before it conducts an invasive search to find evidence of that crime or in exact words, this Amendment declares that â€Å"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Before the enactment of the Patriot Act, if the primary purpose was a criminal investigation, the law enforcement officials had to first prove the higher standard of probable cause. Investigating criminal activity cannot be the primary purpose of surveillance. Now American society witnesses how one of the most fundamental statements of the Bill of Rights, particularly that one protecting individual freedoms from the state, is challenged.The change made by Section 218 of the Patriot Act authorizes unconstitutional activity by impinging on the Fourth Amendment protection that requires probable cause. Section 218 now provides law enforcement officials with a tool to avoid probable cause when conducting criminal investigation surveillance. The adoption of the Patriot Act has been triggered with the war the United States declared against terrorism. Interestingly, the same event, the war on terrorism, challenged another important element of the Bill of Rights, namely the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment, which states that â€Å"no person shall †¦ be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law†¦.†Practically, th is statement aims to secure individuals from unconstitutional exercise on the behalf of the government. Importantly, this article provides Americans with the right to be tried by unprejudiced courts with application of lawful procedures and laws. However, during the war in Afghanistan and Iraq, the US government intentionally deterred in prisons many prisoners of war (identifying them as terrorists) without court orders, indictments and further court hearings. Here one can notice the constitutional collision, in which the rights of the US government during wartime (including deterring of individuals without due process clause) challenges the statements embedded in the Bill of Rights. Works Cited Barnett, Randy E. ed., 1989. Ninth Amendment. supra note 29, at 18 Bailyn, Bernard. 1967. Ideological Origins of the American Revolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Ely, J. 1980. Democracy and Distrust. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Hall, Kermit L. 1989. The Magic Mirror. Law in American History, New York: Oxford University Press. Levine, James P. 1992. Juries and Politics, Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. Madison, James. November 27, 1794. Republicanism. Speech in Congress. Annals of Congress 934. Nelson, William E. 1988. The Fourteenth Amendment: From Political Principle to Judicial Doctrine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Schwartz, B. 1971. The Bill of Rights. A Documentary History. pp. 222-226. Wiecek, W.   1976. The Sources of Antislavery Constitutionalism in America, 1760-1848. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. P. 74

Friday, January 3, 2020

Essay On Russia - 776 Words

Third Draft- Russia Standing inside a semi-frozen Russian greenhouse, four biologists are watching their country die around them. Magnolia, Quincy, Abha and Gaidar were living and working in Irkutsk, Russia as biologists.The four biologists met in their university years at Moscow State University and believed they were going to change the world. They were studying and trying to repopulate a very rare species of tree, the Nasczokins Lime tree. However, these magnificent plans came to a sudden stop. Russia just experienced the worst modern-day natural disaster, a massive flooding of the nearby river and lakes due to excessive rainfall. The TVs are blaring the news â€Å"Russia is destroyed! Take shelter immediately! Thousands have been swept†¦show more content†¦I did a project on that once, now children will never learn the way I did.† Magnolia states in a melancholy tone. She rummages through the storage closet to find her crumpled, outdated collage from the fifth grade. â€Å"We couldn’t even communicate without a writing system though.† adds Gaidar. Magnolia, Quincy, Abha, and Gaidar continue to discuss the most important parts of Russian society that they believe would be most crucial in rebuilding the now annihilated country. They mean for this to be a peaceful discussion, but everyone has a different view, and it has dissolved into a less that civil conversation. Magnolia believes that the social and economical classes of Russia are the most important, claiming that Russia would not be successful if not for the layers of society. The class systems organize the people by wealth, profession, and place in society; without them there would be no order. Abha believes that religion is crucial to Russia. She feels strongly that the part that Orthodox Christianity plays is critical to the hope of the people, guiding them through life toward an end goal. She thinks that without it Russia would be in shambles and the people, directionless. Quincy, on the contrary, believes that the government is the most significant part. He states that religion provides no sustainability to the nation. Russia’s government plays a huge part in how the country reacts to the world around it and inside the countryShow MoreRelatedAn Essay On Russia1015 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal HRM Group Essay: Russia Overview of Russia Russia, officially known as the Russian Federation, has a total area of 17,098,242 sq km (â€Å"The World Factbook†) and is the largest country in the world. It is about 1.8 times the size of the United States (â€Å"The World Factbook†). Most of Russia is either large stretches of plains or areas with a lot of forests and mountains, with the exception of the Siberian Tundra. 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